Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Baker v. Warner
231 U.S. 588
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1914-01-05
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- remanding case for a new trial because “[t]he meaning of the [allegedly defamatory] words was in dispute, and ... that issue of fact was not submitted to the [jury]”
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Baker v. Warner. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 41 opinions
Headnotes
- Civil Procedure — Motions in Arrest of Judgment Motions in arrest of judgment are not favored; in considering such a motion, courts liberally construe the pleadings and give the plaintiff the benefit of every implication that can be drawn in his favor, transposing sentences and paragraphs and reading allegations in one part of the complaint in light of those in another, and the motion will be denied if the allegations taken together show facts constituting a good cause of action, even if defectively set forth or improperly arranged. 231 U.S. at 596–597
- Civil Procedure — Pleading Where a complaint in libel alleges extrinsic facts putting the defendant on notice of the surrounding circumstances, and the defendant does not demur but joins issue and goes to trial, a verdict for the plaintiff cures defects in the complaint and renders the arrest of judgment improper; statements in the innuendo, even if misplaced, may after verdict be treated as substantive allegations of fact by transposition into the inducement or colloquium. 231 U.S. at 596–598
- Civil Procedure — Pleading The strict and technical rules of pleading announced in earlier decisions, which required dismissal despite a verdict where the complaint defectively stated a cause of action, have been modified by modern and more liberal rules of pleading and practice in the federal courts and in most of the States. 231 U.S. at 597
- Civil Procedure — Scope of Review Where a plaintiff in error succeeded in the trial court and was reversed by an intermediate appellate court, the reviewing court is not limited to the points presented by the plaintiff but must enter the judgment that should have been rendered by the intermediate court on the record before it. 231 U.S. at 598
- Torts — Defamation Where the words published are not libelous per se but, in light of the extrinsic facts averred, are susceptible of being construed as having a defamatory meaning, it is a question of fact for the jury, which must determine not only whether the extrinsic circumstances exist but also whether those facts when coupled with the words make the publication libelous; it is therefore error for the trial court to instruct the jury as a matter of law that the article is libelous. 231 U.S. at 598–599
- Torts — Defamation Where words are libelous per se, the court may instruct the jury as a matter of law that they are defamatory, leaving to the jury only the determination of damages; where words are not libelous per se and could not possibly be construed as defamatory in light of the extrinsic facts, the court may dismiss the declaration on demurrer or withdraw the case from the jury. 231 U.S. at 599
BAKERv. WARNER,231 U.S. 588(1913)
34 S.Ct. 175
BAKERv. WARNER.
SAMEv. SAME.
ERROR TO THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Nos. 41, 42.
Argued November 5, 1913.
Decided December 22, 1913.
THE plaintiff, Baker, United States District Attorney for the
District of Columbia, sued the defendant, Warner, for libel.
Briefly stated, the complaint charges that —
The Washington Jockey Club owned a race track in
Page 589
the District where races were run and bets were made and in
January, 1908, the plaintiff, as District Attorney, had obtained
from the Grand Jury an indictment charging one Walters with
betting at this race track, contrary to the statute against
gaming in the District. A demurrer was filed which was sustained
on March 11, 1908, — the court holding that the laying of bets on
horse races, at this track, was not a violation of the act of
Congress, which as appears by reference to the statute (March 3,
1901, c. 854,31 Stat. 1189, 1331, § 869) only prohibited such
betting and bookmaking within one mile of the boundaries of the
cities of Washington and Georgetown. The plaintiff immediately
took an appeal from this judgment in order that the Court of
Appeals might determine whether such betting at such place was a
violation of the gaming law of force in the District.
Shortly after the appeal, the Spring Meet of the Jockey Club
began, being advertised to continue until April 14. On the
opening days of the Meet there was bookmaking and betting; but
the complaint alleges that the plaintiff "conforming himself, as
it was his duty to do, to the law as judicially construed by the
Supreme Court of the District, did not issue warrants for the
arrest of or present to the Grand Jury any persons for betting on
the horse races."
It is further alleged that, at this time, Warner was a
candidate against Pearre for the nomination for Congress from
Maryland, and, on March 28, Warner composed and published, of and
concerning the plaintiff and of and concerning the office of the
plaintiff, in a Washington newspaper, a certain false and
defamatory libel. The article need not be set out at length, but
the communication, after characterizing a speech by his opponent
as undignified, proceeded to say that it was not wanting in
dignity so much as for a Judge of the District, "who, with the
United States District Attorney (meaning the
Page 590
plaintiff) went to Rockville (meaning the town of Rockville,
County of Montgomery, State of Maryland) last Saturday (meaning
Saturday, the 21st day of March, A.D. 1908) to attend a
conference of Mr. Warner's (meaning defendant's) enemies and
determine what ammunition was needed to defeat him.
"The question now is, Where does the money come from in the
contest against Mr. Warner? (meaning the defendant).
"How about the race track?
Lawyer."
"meaning thereby, . . . that the said plaintiff entered into a
conference with others for the purpose of determining what funds
were necessary, and how same should be raised, to be used in the
campaign on behalf of Pearre, and meaning . . . that the
plaintiff was and is corrupt, in not presenting to the Grand Jury
and prosecuting before the courts of the District, persons laying
bets upon the contests at the race track, in consideration of
contributions of money in the contest against the defendant from
some company or person interested in the race track or the
contests carried on thereon."
The defendant filed a general denial, and, after a trial,
there was a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. Motions for a new
trial and in arrest of judgment were overruled and the case taken
to the Court of Appeals, which held not only that reversible
error had been committed, but that the judgment should have been
arrested. In No. 41 the case is here on a writ to review that
ruling. To avoid any question as to the finality of that judgment
of the Court of Appeals plaintiff sued out another writ of error
(No. 42) after the judgment had been arrested in the trial court.
The publication was not libelousper se. The meaning of the article and person to whom it referred were so ambiguous that, in order to constitute a cause of action, it was necessary to set out extrinsic facts, which, when coupled with the words, would show that the writer charged the plaintiff with corruption in office. Accordingly, the plaintiff in the Inducement averred that he was District Attorney, charged with the duty of prosecuting violators of the law against gaming, and had procured an indictment against one for betting at the Washington Jockey Club, which indictment had been quashed and, pending the appeal and conforming to the ruling of the court, he had instituted no other prosecutions: That, under these circumstances, the defendant had published of and concerning the plaintiff, the article which is set out in the complaint.
There were general allegations that the article was written concerning the plaintiff in his office as District Attorney, together with general statements in the Innuendo that the defendant meant to charge him with corruption in office. There was, however, no distinct averment as to the meaning of those particular phrases in the publicationPage 592on which the cause of action was really based. The Court of Appeals thereupon sustained the defendant's contention that the complaint was defective because of the failure specifically to allege what, as a fact, the words meant and to whom they referred. It further held that the absence of such specific averments was not supplied by the general statement in the Innuendo that the defendant meant to charge the plaintiff with a crime. This was based on the rule that it is not the office of the Innuendo to set out facts, but rather to explain what is ambiguous, or to state a conclusion which, to be effective, must be supported by averments, definitions, references or other facts alleged in traversible form in Inducement and Colloquium. It is, however, unnecessary to discuss the sufficiency of the complaint which, even if defective, was amendable. The defendant did not demur, but joined issue, the case was tried by a jury, a verdict for the plaintiff was rendered, judgment was entered and the defendant then moved in arrest.
Such motions are not favored. In considering them, courts liberally construe the pleadings, giving the plaintiff the benefit of every implication that can be drawn therefrom in his favor. Sentences and paragraphs may be transposed. The allegations in one part of the complaint may be aided by those in another and if taken together, they show the existence of facts constituting a good cause of action, defectively set forth or improperly arranged, the motion in arrest will be denied.
In the present case the defendant was put on notice of the extrinsic facts surrounding the publication. The statements in the Innuendo, even if misplaced, may after verdict, be treated as substantive allegations of fact given by transposition, their proper position in Inducement or Colloquium. The verdict cured the defects, if any, in the complaint and made it improper to arrest the judgment.Stanleyv.Brit,8 Tenn. 222;McCaughryPage 593v.Wetmore, 6 Johns. 82;Brittainv.Allen,13 N.C. 120,124;Tuttlev.Bishop,30 Conn. 80;Nestlev.VanSlyck, 2 Hill, 282. In answer to these decisions the defendant citesRyanv.Madden,12 Vt. 51,55, and other cases, to support his contention that the motion in arrest should have been granted. But those decisions announce what, inBlossv.Toby, 2 Pick. 320, was admitted to be a hard and technical rule — one which, we think, has been modified by modern and more liberal rules of pleading and practice in the Federal courts and in those of most of the States.
The plaintiff, Baker, had a judgment in the trial court. The defendant, Warner, took the case to the Court of Appeals on various grounds, most of which were sustained. The plaintiff then brought the case here, assigning error on some of those rulings but not on others. We are not limited, however, to a consideration of the points presented by the plaintiff, but, this being a writ of error from an intermediate appellate tribunal, must enter the judgment, which should have been rendered by the court below on the record then before it.
While we reverse the order to arrest the judgment, we affirm the ruling of the Court of Appeals that there was an erroneous instruction on a matter material to the case and harmful to the defendant. The trial judge, summarizing the facts, charged that if the jury found from the evidence that plaintiff was District Attorney; that in the District there was a race track where races were run and bets were made, which some claimed could have been prevented by prosecutions instituted by the plaintiff and that he did not, in fact, prosecute such persons; if Warner was a candidate for Congress and the plaintiff supported Pearre, his opponent, and the defendant, Warner, wrote and procured the publication of the article set out in the complaint, "then you are instructed, as matter of law, that the said article is libelous and yourPage 594verdict should be for the plaintiff, and the only question for your determination is what amount of damages the plaintiff is entitled to recover by reason of the publication of said article."
This was error, since it was for the jury and not for the court to determine the meaning of ambiguous language in the published article. Where words are libelousper sethe Judge can so instruct the jury, leaving to them only the determination of the amount of damages. Where the words are not libelousperseand, in the light of the extrinsic facts averred could not possibly be construed to have a defamatory meaning, the Judge can dismiss the declaration on demurrer, or, during the trial, may withdraw the case from the jury. But there is a middle ground where though the words are not libelousper se, yet, in the light of the extrinsic facts averred, they are susceptible of being construed as having a defamatory meaning. Whether they have such import is a question of fact. In that class of cases the jury must not only determine the existence of the extrinsic circumstances, which it is alleged bring to light the concealed meaning, but they must also determine whether those facts when coupled with the words, make the publication libelous.VanVechtenv.Hopkins, 5 Johns. 219. The meaning of the words was in dispute, and as that issue of fact was not submitted to the triers of fact, a new trial must be ordered.
This conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider the other questions in the case.The judgments of the Court of Appeals are reversed and thecases are remanded to that court with directions to reverse thejudgments of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and toremand the case to that court with directions to grant a newtrial and for further proceedings in conformity with thisopinion.Page 595