Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Hartog v. Memory

Hartog v. Memory, 116 U.S. 588 (1886)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1886-02-01
Topic
general

Mr. Chief-Justice Waite delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts in the language reported above, he continued : It was well settled before the act of 1875 that when the citizenship necessary for the jurisdiction of the.courts of the United States appeared on the face of the record, evidence to contradict the record was not admissible, except under a plea in abatement in the nature of a plea to the jurisdiction, and that a plea to the merits was a waiver of such a plea to the jurisdiction. Farmington v. Pillsbury, 114 U.

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Headnotes

  1. Civil Procedure — Pleading Where the citizenship necessary for federal jurisdiction appears on the face of the record, evidence contradicting the record is not admissible unless raised by a plea to the jurisdiction or other appropriate proceeding; a plea to the merits waives any objection to the court's jurisdiction over the parties. 116 U.S. 588 (opinion of the Court)
  2. Civil Procedure — Federal Jurisdiction — Collusive Transfers Under the act of 1875, a circuit court may, at any time and without plea or motion, stop all further proceedings and dismiss a suit the moment it discovers a fraud upon its jurisdiction, such as a collusive transfer or joinder creating a colorable case. 116 U.S. 588 (citing Williams v. Nottawa, 104 U.S. 209, 211)
  3. Civil Procedure — Federal Jurisdiction — Evidence and Issues A party may not, without pleading to the jurisdiction at the proper time and in the proper form, introduce evidence whose sole purpose is to make out a case for dismissal; the evidence must be directed to the issues joined, and only facts material to those issues will support dismissal on motion of a party. 116 U.S. 588 (opinion of the Court)
  4. Civil Procedure — Federal Jurisdiction — Dismissal During Trial If during trial evidence admissible under the pleadings and pertinent to the issues shows that the suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute within the court's cognizance, or that the parties have been improperly or collusively joined to create a cognizable case, the court may stop all further proceedings and dismiss the suit. 116 U.S. 588 (opinion of the Court)
  5. Civil Procedure — Federal Jurisdiction — Court's Own Inquiry If from any source the court is led to suspect that its jurisdiction has been imposed upon by collusion or otherwise, it may, on its own motion, cause the necessary inquiry to be made—by joining and trying the proper issue or by other appropriate proceeding—and act as justice may require to protect itself against fraud or imposition. 116 U.S. 588 (opinion of the Court)
  6. Civil Procedure — Federal Jurisdiction — Record on Appeal The evidence on which a circuit court acts in dismissing a suit for want of jurisdiction must be pertinent either to the issue made by the parties or to the inquiry instituted by the court, and must appear of record if either party seeks appellate review of the order of dismissal. 116 U.S. 588 (citing Barry v. Edmunds)
  7. Civil Procedure — Federal Jurisdiction — Notice and Hearing Where the defendant has not so pleaded as to entitle him to object to the jurisdiction, and the objection is taken by the court of its own motion, justice requires that the plaintiff be given an opportunity to be heard on the motion and to meet it with appropriate evidence. 116 U.S. 588 (opinion of the Court)
HARTOG v. MEMORY,116 U.S. 588(1886)
6 S.Ct. 521
HARTOGv. MEMORY.
ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT
OF ILLINOIS.
Submitted December 4, 1885.
Decided February 1, 1886.
When the jurisdiction of a Circuit Court of the United States over the parties by reason of citizenship appears on the face of the record, and no issue is joined respecting it, evidence not pertinent to the issues made by the pleadings cannot be introduced solely for the purpose of making out a case for dismissal by reason of the absence of the proper citizenship. When a Circuit Court of the United States is led to suspect from any cause that its jurisdiction has been imposed upon, collusively or otherwise, it may protect itself against fraud or imposition by an inquiry made of its own motion in such manner as it may direct; and by such further action thereafter as justice may require. The evidence on which a Circuit Court acts in dismissing a suit for want of jurisdiction must not only be pertinent either to the issue made by the parties, or to the inquiry instituted by the court, but it must also appear of record, if either party desires to invoke the appellate jurisdiction of this court for the review of the order of dismissal.
This was a writ of error brought under § 5 of the act of March 3, 1875, ch. 137,18 Stat. 370, for the review of an order dismissing a suit begun in the Circuit Court. The record showed that on the 19th of September, 1884 William Hartog sued Henry Memory in an action of assumpsit for a breach of a contract to deliver property sold. In the declaration Hartog was described as a citizen of the Kingdom of Holland, and Memory as a citizen of Illinois. On the 8th of October Memory filed three pleas: 1, general issue; 2, statute of limitations of Illinois; and, 3, limitation laws of Holland, where the cause of action accrued. On the 8th of November Hartog obtained a commission for the taking of testimony in Holland, and Memory was ruled to file cross-interrogatories by the following Monday. On the 9th of May, 1885, Memory withdrew his plea of limitation by the laws of Holland, and Hartog filed a replication to the plea of the statute of limitations of Illinois. The case was on the same day tried with a jury. On the trialPage 589the plaintiff introduced "evidence to sustain the issues on his behalf, which evidence also showed that said plaintiff was a subject of the King of Holland, and also showed that said defendant had been doing business in the city of Chicago for several years.

"And thereupon said defendant offered himself as a witness to maintain the issues on his behalf in said cause, and during the progress of his examination he was asked by his counsel the following questions, and gave the following answers:

`Q. Are you a citizen of the United States, Mr. Memory?

`A. No, sir.

`Q. Of what dominion or kingdom are you a citizen?

`A. I am a citizen of Great Britain, sir.'

"And thereupon said plaintiff, by his counsel, cross-examined said Memory as follows:

`Q. How long have you resided and done business in Chicago?

`A. About from eight to ten years, I suppose.

`Q. Where did you do business before that?

`A. I did business for a short time in New York.'

"It also appeared that defendant was in Holland twice in 1879, and that the alleged contract was entered into there.

"Which was all the evidence introduced by either party on the question of citizenship or residence."

The jury, on the 11th of May, brought in a verdict against Memory for $2497. A motion for new trial was then entered. On the 1st of June, before judgment on the verdict, the defendant filed the following motion:

"And now comes the defendant, by his attorney, and it appearing that the defendant is not a citizen of the United States, or of any State, but a citizen and subject of Great Britain, and that all the parties to this suit are aliens, and that the court has no jurisdiction in this cause, the said defendant moves that this case be dismissed for want of jurisdiction in this court."

This motion was granted, and the suit dismissed June 10. 23 F. 835. To reverse that order this writ of error was brought.Page 590
Mr. Julius RosenthalandMr. A.M. Pencefor plaintiff in error.Mr. E.B. Shermanfor defendant in error.
MR. CHIEF-JUSTICE WAITE delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts in the language reported above, he continued:
It was well settled before the act of 1875 that when the citizenship necessary for the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States appeared on the face of the record, evidence to contradict the record was not admissible, except under a plea in abatement in the nature of a plea to the jurisdiction, and that a plea to the merits was a waiver of such a plea to the jurisdiction.Farmingtonv.Pillsbury,114 U.S. 138,143, and cases there cited. In its general scope this rule has not been altered by the act of 1875, but before that act was passed it had been held that the rule prevented the courts from taking notice of colorable assignments or transfers to create cases for the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States in the absence of a plea in abatement or to the jurisdiction, and, as that act "opened wide the door for frauds upon the jurisdiction of the court by collusive transfers so as to make colorable parties and create cases cognizable by the courts of the United States," we held inWilliamsv.Nottawa,104 U.S. 209,211, that the statute changed the rule so far as to allow the court at any time, without plea and without motion, to "stop all further proceedings and dismiss the suit the moment a fraud on its jurisdiction was discovered."

Neither party has the right, however, without pleading at the proper time and in the proper way, to introduce evidence, the only purpose of which is to make out a case for dismissal. The parties cannot call on the court to go behind the averments of citizenship in the record, except by a plea to the jurisdiction or some other appropriate form of proceeding. The case is not to be tried by the parties as if there was a plea to the jurisdiction, when no such plea has been filed. The evidence must be directed to the issues, and it is only when facts material to thePage 591issues show there is no jurisdiction that the court can dismiss the case upon the motion of either party.

If in the course of a trial it appears by evidence, which is admissible under the pleadings, and pertinent to the issues joined, that the suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute of which the court has cognizance, or that the parties have been improperly or collusively made or joined for the purpose of creating a cognizable case, the court may stop all further proceedings and dismiss the suit.

InWilliamsv.Nottawathe record showed that one of the issues to be tried was whether Williams, the plaintiff, was the real holder and owner of the bonds sued on, and the evidence showing the collusion, for which we ordered the suit to be dismissed, was all material and pertinent to that issue. And inFarmingtonv.Pillsbury, cited above, one of the defences was that Pillsbury, the plaintiff, was not thebona fideholder of the coupons in suit, but that they were placed in his hands for the purpose of being sued on in the courts of the United States. The case came here on special findings applicable to that issue, and what we then said was in answer to the question certified on those findings.

Beyond this, no doubt, if, from any source, the court is led to suspect that its jurisdiction has been imposed upon by the collusion of the parties or in any other way, it may at once of its own motion cause the necessary inquiry to be made, either by having the proper issue joined and tried, or by some other appropriate form of proceeding, and act as justice may require for its own protection against fraud or imposition.

But the evidence on which the Circuit Court acts in dismissing the suit must be pertinent either to the issue made by the parties, or to the inquiry instituted by the court; and must appear of record if either party desires to invoke the exercise of the appellate jurisdiction of this court for the review of the order of dismissal.Barryv.Edmunds, ante, 550. And when the defendant has not so pleaded as to entitle him to object to the jurisdiction, and the objection is taken by the court of its own motion, justice requires that the plaintiff should have an opportunityPage 592to be heard upon the motion, and to meet it by appropriate evidence.

Here the citizenship of both the plaintiff and the defendant, as it was in good faith understood by the plaintiff to be, was stated in the declaration, and it was such as if truly stated gave the court jurisdiction. The defendant pleaded to the merits. He alone knew of the mistake as to his citizenship, and purposely omitted to make it known at the time. Under the issues joined the question of citizenship did not and could not arise. If a judgment had been rendered on the verdict Memory would have been bound by it, notwithstanding both he and Hartog were aliens. The record would have estopped him from denying the jurisdiction of the court. The testimony about his citizenship was irrelevant and wholly immaterial. It did not in any manner relate to the merits of the case. It apparently came out incidentally without attracting the attention of the court at the time. The defendant suffered it to pass without special notice until after the verdict against him. He then moved for a new trial, not, so far as the record discloses, because of any errors at the trial, but, as we must presume, for the purpose of laying the foundation for his motion to dismiss; and the case appears to have been dismissed by the court solely upon the defendant's motion and the irrelevant testimony given at the trial, and without affording the plaintiff an opportunity to rebut or control that testimony.

Under these circumstances, as there is nothing else in the case to justify the dismissal of the suit, we are of opinion thatThe order dismissing the suit is erroneous, and must bereversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings notinconsistent with this opinion.Page 593