Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Latimer v. United States
223 U.S. 501
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1912-02-19
- Topic
- general
Mr. Justice Lamar delivered the opinion of the court. In the process of manufacturing and handling tobacco small pieces are broken, from the brittle leaves, and fall to the floor of the warehouse or factory. These scraps are not treated as worthless, but are swept up, and, when cleaned, are used in the manufacture of a cheap grade of cigarettes and stogies. The plaintiff in error shipped to Porto Rico a quantity of these sweepings, and the question arose as to whether the shipment was dutiable at 10 per cent, ad valorem as “waste, not specially provided for in this Act,” under § 463 of the Tariff Act of 1897; or, at 55 cents a pound as “tobacco,- manufactured or unmanufactured,” under § 215 of the same statute.
Citator
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- Cited by
- 58 opinions
Headnotes
- Statutory Interpretation — Adoption of Judicial Construction When Congress employs in a later tariff act words that this Court has already construed in an earlier tariff act, Congress is presumed to have adopted the meaning the Court previously gave those words, and the same meaning will be given to them in the later statute. 223 U.S. at 503–504
- International Trade Law — Classification This Court having held that "unmanufactured tobacco" as used in the Tariff Act of 1883 included tobacco scraps, that phrase carries the same meaning under the Tariff Act of 1897. 223 U.S. at 504
- International Trade Law — "Waste" The term "waste" as used in a tariff act generally refers to remnants and by-products of small value that have not the quality or utility of either the finished product or the raw material; material that retains the name and quality of tobacco, and is used as such in manufacturing cigarettes and stogies, is not waste but is taxable as tobacco, manufactured or unmanufactured. 223 U.S. at 504–505
LATIMERv. UNITED STATES,223 U.S. 501(1912)
32 S.Ct. 242
LATIMERv. UNITED STATES.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR PORTO RICO.
No. 151.
Submitted January 15, 1912.
Decided February 19, 1912.
THE facts, which involve the classification of tobacco scraps
under the Tariff Act of 1897, are stated in the opinion.
The merchandise involved in this suit is waste.
Merchandise is classifiable for the purposes of duty in its condition as imported.Worthingtonv.Robbins,139 U.S. 337;Dwightv.Merritt,140 U.S. 219;United Statesv.Schoverling,146 U.S. 82. It is not, therefore, a fact material to the classification of this merchandise that there are recoverable portions of it suitable, when recovered, for making cheap stogies.
All waste has a value through the recovery from it of more or less valuable constituents. A levy of ten percent.Page 502ad valorem on waste under the Tariff Act presupposes that waste materials are valuable.
Whether this waste is properly classifiable as waste or as tobacco unmanufactured has never been authoritatively decided.Seebergerv.Castro,153 U.S. 32, did not decide that a tariff provision for unmanufactured tobacco is more specific than a provision for waste. SeeUnited Statesv.Baversdorfer, 126 F. 732.
TheSeeberger Caseis not an authority on the issue now here for determination and is not binding in deciding this case.
This court does not review, upon a writ of error, errors of law which do not appear of record or by bill of exceptions.Clausenv.United States,142 U.S. 140;Kreshowerv.United States, T.D. 27,826;Sears-Roebuck Co. v.UnitedStates, T.D. 32,055.
A decided case, holding goods dutiable under a particular paragraph of a tariff act, is not binding in a later case which raises an issue as to the applicability of a paragraph not drawn to the attention of the court nor discussed in the decided case relied on.
The merchandise is more specifically provided for as "waste" than as "tobacco unmanufactured."
As the issue stated in this point has never been decided by any court previous to the decision of the court below herein, the question is open whether these tobacco sweepings are more appropriately classifiable and dutiable as "waste" than as "tobacco unmanufactured."Brennanv.United States, 136 F. 743.
The rule applied by the board in the case of cork bark waste, marble waste, ramie waste, jute waste and mica waste, should be applied equally to tobacco waste.United Statesv.Reiss, 136 F. 741;Nairn Linoleum Co. v.United States, 142 F. 214; T.D. 16,324, G.A. 3153; T.D. 23,347, G.A. 5017; T.D. 23,637, G.A. 5115; T.D. 28,050, abstract, 14,869; T.D. 31,739, G.A. 7242.Page 503
All doubtful questions must be resolved favorably to the importer.Hartranftv.Wiegman,121 U.S. 609,616;Powersv.Barney, 5 Blatchf. 202.Mr. Assistant Attorney General Wemplefor the United States.
The plaintiff in error shipped to Porto Rico a quantity of these sweepings, and the question arose as to whether the shipment was dutiable at 10 per cent. ad valorem as "waste, not specially provided for in this Act," under § 463 of the Tariff Act of 1897; or, at 55 cents a pound as "tobacco, manufactured or unmanufactured," under § 215 of the same statute. (30 Stat. 194, 169.) The customs officer classed it as "unmanufactured tobacco," and required the payment of a duty of 55 cents a pound. The importer protested and a case was made to test the question. On appeal the General Board sustained the collector. It was affirmed by the District Court of Porto Rico, and to reverse that judgment the importer has brought the case here.
There has been some difference of opinion as to the proper classification of scrap tobacco under the various tariff acts. InUnited Statesv.Schroeder, 93 F. 448, a higher grade of scrap was held to be "waste" within the meaning of the Tariff Act of 1890. InSeebergerv.Castro,153 U.S. 32, it was decided that the clippings from the ends of cigars were dutiable as unmanufactured tobacco under the Tariff Act of 1883.Page 504
The plaintiff claims that this decision has no application here, because it related to clippings which were of a higher grade than scrap, and for the further reason that, as the importer there made no claim that it should be taxed as waste, the court did not pass on that question. But it did definitely decide that such material, by whatever name called, was "unmanufactured tobacco."
The words, having received such a construction under the act of 1883, must be given the same meaning when used in the Tariff Act of 1897, on the theory that, in using the phrase in the later statute, Congress adopted the construction already given it by this court.United Statesv.Baruch, this day decided,ante, p. 191. That such was the intention of Congress appears further from the fact that the duty of "10 per cent. ad valorem on waste" is found in "Schedule N — Sundries." The word as thus used generally refers to remnants and by-products of small value that have not the quality or utility either of the finished product or of the raw material.Pattonv.United States,159 U.S. 500,503. But the scrap here involved retains the name and quality of tobacco. It is tobacco, and as such it is used for making cigarettes and stogies. It was therefore taxable under Schedule F, which fixes the duty on tobacco in all its forms — manufactured or unmanufactured. The judgment is thereforeAffirmed.Page 505