Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
United States v. Jackson
280 U.S. 183
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1930-01-06
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- “Claims under the various laws relating to Indian homesteads may with equal propriety be characterized as allotments”
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed United States v. Jackson. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 142 opinions
Headnotes
- Native American Law — Trust Patents — Constitutional Law — Vested Rights An Indian who, as a ward of the United States, has entered land under the Homestead Law pursuant to the Act of July 4, 1884, and has received a trust patent under which title is held in trust for twenty-five years and then to be conveyed in fee discharged of the trust, acquires no vested right that would be unconstitutionally impaired by an enlargement of the period of restriction before issuance of the final patent. 280 U.S. at 189
- Native American Law — Federal Guardianship — Congress — Power over Indian Affairs In virtue of its guardianship over the Indians, the United States may, during the period of restriction, provide for its extension, and nothing in the Act of 1884 indicates any disposition by the United States to divest itself of its powers and duties as guardian. 280 U.S. at 189
- Statutory Interpretation — Construction — Indians — Presidential Extension of Restrictions The Act of June 21, 1906, authorizing the President, in his discretion and prior to the expiration of the trust period of any Indian allottee holding under a trust or other patent containing restrictions upon alienation issued under any law or treaty, to continue such restrictions for such period as he may deem best, is within the constitutional power of Congress and does not constitute an attempt to destroy vested rights, because the delegated power is to be exercised before issuance of the final patent. 280 U.S. at 190–191
- Statutory Interpretation — Construction — Indians — Indian Homesteaders as Allottees The Act of June 21, 1906, applies to Indians who have entered public lands as homesteaders under the Act of July 4, 1884; such Indian homesteads and Indian allotments are in all essential respects upon the same footing, and each is equally within the purview of a statute in which Congress uses only the terms "allottee" and "allotment." 280 U.S. at 191–193
- Statutory Interpretation — Executive Construction A construction consistently given a statute by the executive department charged with its enforcement is to be given great weight and should not be overturned unless clearly wrong or unless a different construction is plainly required. 280 U.S. at 193
- Statutory Interpretation — Construction In Pari Materia — Indians The Indian Homestead Act of July 4, 1884, and the General Allotment Act of February 8, 1887, with its amendments, constitute part of a single system evidencing a continuous purpose on the part of Congress, are in pari materia, and must be construed together; and the long-continued departmental practice of construing statutes referring only to Indian "allottees" or "allotments" as applicable also to Indians claiming under the homestead laws, acquiesced in by Congress, is equivalent to consent to continue the practice until the power is revoked by subsequent congressional action. 280 U.S. at 196–197
- Native American Law — Scope of Act of June 21, 1906 The Act of June 21, 1906, has no application to the acquisition of homestead rights under the general homestead laws by persons of the Indian race who have acquired or seek to acquire such rights as citizens rather than as Indian wards of the United States. 280 U.S. at 197
UNITED STATESv. JACKSON,280 U.S. 183(1930)
50 S.Ct. 143
UNITED STATESv. JACKSON ET AL.
CERTIFICATE FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
No. 57.
Argued December 5, 1929.
Decided January 6, 1930.
The following statement is by the Chief Justice, preceding the
opinion:
In accordance with the provisions of the Act of Congress of
July 4, 1884, c. 180, § 1,23 Stat. 76, 96; U.S.C. Title 43, §
190, the United States, on December 11, 1891, issued to Jack
Williams, an Indian, a trust patent on certain lands. The patent
recited that the United States would hold the lands in trust for
the sole use and benefit of Williams, or, in case of his decease,
of his widow and heirs, for a period of 25 years from the date
thereof, and that at the expiration of such time the United
States would convey the land to Williams, or his widow or heirs,
in fee and free of the trust or any incumbrance whatever.
Before the expiration of the 25 year trust period, Williams
died, and his interest in the land passed to his widow and sole
heir, Nellie Williams, an Indian woman. She held the land until
March 18, 1921 — more than four years after the trust period, by
its terms, would have expired — and then deeded it to Jack
Jackson, also an Indian. In the succeeding year — October 10,
1922 — she died leaving a will by which the same property was
devised to Bob Roberts, a tribal Indian.
The deed to Jackson was recorded November 3, 1922; but the
Secretary of the Interior has never approved it.
Nellie Williams' will, and the devise to Roberts therein
contained, were approved by the Secretary of the Interior,
December 1, 1923.
This is a suit by the United States against the heirs of Jack
Jackson. It is brought on behalf of Bob Roberts, and its purpose
is to quiet title in him to the lands in question. The position
of the United States is that,
Page 185
while it is true that the deed to Jackson was made after the
original 25 year trust period, with its attendant restrictions on
alienation, had, by the terms of the trust patent, expired, it
further appears that the restrictions on the alienation of this
land by Williams or his heirs has been continued in force and
extended by a series of one-year executive orders from 1916 to
1919, and by a further 25-year executive order issued in 1920.
The executive orders in question were, it is urged, authorized by
the Act of Congress of June 21, 1906, c. 3504,34 Stat. 325, 326.
The United States therefore argued that the deed to Jackson,
having been made while there was a restriction on alienation, and
not having been approved by the Secretary of the Interior, was
void.
The District Court,27 F.2d 751, held that the Act of June
21, 1906 did not authorize the President to continue the
restrictions on alienation contained in the patent issued to
Williams. The purpose of the 1906 Act, said the District Court,
was to permit the continuation of restrictions in patents issued
to Indianallottees, that is, to Indians who received patents
under the General Allotment Act of February 8, 1887, which
created the Indian allotment system, or under any of its
subsequent amendments; but that the 1906 Act did not purport to
give the President a like power with respect to Indians who
received their patents under the Act of July 4, 1884, which
conferred homestead entry rights upon Indians.
The court therefore held that the restrictions on the
alienation of this land had expired at the time Williams' widow
deeded it to Jackson; that there was no statute expressly
extending the restrictions, and no statute authorizing the
President so to do; that the deed to Jackson conformed to the law
of the State where it was executed, and it was valid.
Page 186
The United States appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals for
the Ninth Circuit. The judges of that court, being in doubt, have
certified to us, conformably to § 239 of the Judicial Code, as
amended by the Act of February 13, 1925, c. 229,43 Stat. 936,
938, U.S.C. Title 28, § 346, the two following questions of law
concerning which our instruction is desired for the proper
decision of the cause:
"1. Could the trust period and the restriction of alienation
in an Indian homestead patent issued under the act of July 4,
1884, (43 U.S.C.A. sec. 190), be extended by Executive orders?
"2. Did the act of June 21, 1906 (25 U.S.C.A. sec. 391)
authorize the President in his discretion to continue
restrictions on alienation in patents issued under the Indian
homestead act of July 4, 1884? (43 U.S.C.A. sec. 190)."
Congress, in the exercise of its constitutional powers over the Indians, could authorize the President, in his discretion, to continue the restrictions on alienation in patents issued to Indians under the Act of July 4, 1884.United Statesv.Kagama,118 U.S. 375;United Statesv.Nice,241 U.S. 591.
Under the original Homestead Act of May 20, 1862, c. 75,12 Stat. 392, the right to enter a homestead was limited to citizens of the United States, or those who had filed their declaration of intention to become such. Indians were not citizens and could not be naturalized, except by Act of Congress,Elkv.Wilkins,112 U.S. 94. No such authority had been generally granted at the time of the Homestead Act. Consequently, an Indian could not originally enter a homestead.United Statesv.Joyce,Page 187240 F. 610. Later, as the general policy of the Government to grant lands in severalty to the Indians was being developed, either by means of treaty with the Indian tribes, as such, or through special acts of Congress, laws were successively enacted gradually extending the benefit of the homestead laws to certain classes of Indians, obviously with the purpose of encouraging them to abandon their tribal customs and relations, to attain a self-supporting station, and to become useful and law-abiding citizens. See the Acts of March 3, 1865, c. 127,13 Stat. 541; March 3, 1875, c. 131,18 Stat. 402; January 18, 1881, c. 23,21 Stat. 315. Then came the Indian Homestead Act of July 4, 1884, which was designed to permit all Indians, whether tribal or not, to avail themselves of the benefit of the homestead laws as fully and to the same extent as might be done by citizens of the United States (United Statesv.Joyce, 240 F. 610;Hemmerv.United States, 204 F. 898;United Statesv.Hemmer,241 U.S. 379), not as citizens but as Indians. See opinion in the case ofFrank Bergeron, 30 L.D. 375.
In this case, the District Court does not seem to question the proposition that Congress during the continuance of the guardianship had ample power to extend the trust period or limitations upon the power of alienation of Indian homesteads. The existence of this power can not be doubted in view ofTigerv.Western Investment Co.,221 U.S. 286;Heckmanv.UnitedStates,224 U.S. 413; andBraderv.James,246 U.S. 88. Congress, having this power, could authorize the President to extend the period in his discretion, as it did by the first proviso of § 5 of the General Allotment Act. SeeUnited Statesv.Reynolds,250 U.S. 104.
The Act of June 21, 1906, confers upon the President authority in his discretion to continue restrictions upon alienation for such period as he may deem best in cases where the trust or other patent has been issued under anyPage 188law or treaty to an Indian "allottee." The general rule of statutory construction is that the intention of the law-maker, as disclosed by the language used, is to prevail; but when that intention does not clearly appear, recourse may be had to other sources of information to aid in the discovery of that intention. And for this purpose, the obvious policy of the Act (LevindaleLead Co. v.Coleman,241 U.S. 432), the purposes of statutesin pari materia, especially if constituting part of a system (United Statesv.Taylor,104 U.S. 216;Tigerv.WesternInvestment Co.,221 U.S. 286;United Statesv.Freeman, 3 How. 556;Heckmanv.United States,224 U.S. 413;UnitedStatesv.Hemmer,241 U.S. 379), and the construction placed upon the same by the Executive Department in charge of their administration (United Statesv.Cerecedo Hermanos yCompania,209 U.S. 337;Robertsonv.Downing,127 U.S. 607;United Statesv.Healey,160 U.S. 136) are to be given great weight.
The Interior Department has treated Indian homesteaders as being upon practically the same footing as Indian allottees, and as coming within the purview of the statutory provisions here involved.Toss Weaxta, 47 L.D. 574;Jim Crow, 32 L.D. 657;Doc Jim, 32 L.D. 291. This settled construction by the Department should not be overturned by the Court except for cogent reasons, and unless it is clearly wrong (United Statesv.Hemmer, supra; United Statesv.Healey, supra; Hewittv.Schultz,180 U.S. 139;United Statesv.Finnell,185 U.S. 236;United Statesv.Johnston,124 U.S. 236), or unless a different construction is plainly required.Hawleyv.Diller,178 U.S. 476.
No appearance for Jackson et al.
The first question certified to us by the Circuit Court of Appeals is whether, after an Indian had acquired a trust patent under the provisions of this statute, power remained in the Congress to extend, or to provide that the Executive, in his discretion, might extend, before its expiration and before there had come to be issued to the Indian a patent in fee, the period of the trust with itsPage 190resulting restrictions on alienation. We do not think that our decisions leave any doubt not only that it is within the power but that it is the duty of the Congress, where it finds conditions which warrant it, so to do. We have had frequent occasion to point out the duty of the United States to protect its wards, the Indians, and the consequent broad extent of its power over them and their affairs.United Statesv.Kagama,118 U.S. 375,384;United Statesv.Nice,241 U.S. 591,597. There is nothing in the Act of 1884 which indicates any disposition on the part of the United States to dispossess itself of its powers and duties as guardian, or so to change the status of its wards as to leave them no longer subject to manifestations of its protection. On the contrary the provisions of the Act leave no doubt that it is an act done by the United States in its capacity as guardian, and that the rights conferred by the Act upon the Indians were so conferred principally because they were wards of the Government. This is shown by the provisions exempting Indians from the payment of the usual fees, and by the provision respecting the form of the trust patent, and the restrictions on alienation.
This being so, we fail to find anything in the Act of June 21, 1906, which transcends the valid powers of the Government over its wards. Passing, for the moment, the question whether the Act of 1906 was intended to apply to Indian homesteaders claiming under the Act of 1884, and assuming, for the purposes of question No. 1, that the word "allottee" was intended to include such Indians, we find that the Act provides:
"That prior to the expiration of the trust period of any Indian allottee to whom a trust or other patent containing restrictions upon alienation has been or shall be issued under any law or treaty the President may in his discretion continue such restrictions on alienation for such period as he may deem best. . ."Page 191
This does not involve any question of an attempt to destroy vested rights. The power of the United States, delegated by the Act to the President, is to be exercised prior to the issuance of final patent. It has been held that until final patent be issued no vested right is obtained by the Indian which would support a constitutional objection to the enlargement of the period of the restriction. SeeUnited Statesv.Allen, 179 F. 13, 22, 23;United Statesv.Hemmer, 195 F. 790.
What has here occurred is that the United States has conferred a privilege upon its wards — as such — and has surrounded its final acquisition with restrictions calculated to secure the advantage of the privilege to those intended to be benefited. Finding that the restrictions authorized at the time of the extension of the privilege will not, in all cases, be long continued enough to secure this result, Congress has authorized the Executive, in his discretion, to continue the restrictions for such period as he may deem best. That this is within the constitutional power of Congress must be considered as concluded by our decisions inTigerv.Western Investment Co.,221 U.S. 286;Heckmanv.United States,224 U.S. 413; andBraderv.James,246 U.S. 88.
The first question must be answered in the affirmative.
But it is suggested, and the District Court has held, that since the language of the Act of June 21, 1906, refers only to Indianallottees, it cannot be considered as authorizing the President to continue restrictions on alienation in patents issued to Indianhomesteadersunder the Act of July 4, 1884. In ruling that the 1906 Act did not apply to the trust patent issued to Williams, since he was not an allottee but an Indian homesteader, claiming by virtue of the 1884 Act, which extended the benefits of the homestead laws to the Indians, and not under the General Allotment Act of 1887 or any of its amendments, the District Court relied uponSeaplesv.Card,Page 192246 F. 501. In that case a homestead patent was issued to a non-tribal Indian under the Act of July 4, 1884, and, as required by that Act, the patent declared — as does the one here — that the United States held the title in trust for the Indian for a period of 25 years, and would then issue him or his heirs a patent in fee. Before the expiration of this trust period, the Land Department, assuming to act either under the Allotment Act of 1887, or the Act of May 8, 1906, c. 2348,34 Stat. 182, amendatory thereof, canceled the original trust patent and issued a new patent giving the Indian title in fee simple. The Act of May 8, 1906, provided that the Secretary of the Interior might, in his discretion, whenever he should be satisfied that any "Indian allottee" was competent and capable of managing his or her affairs, cause to be issued to such allottee a patent in fee simple, and the District Court held in that case that this statute gave no authority to the Secretary to cancel the patent issued to Seaples under the 1884 Act, which extended the benefit of the homestead laws to the Indians, but that the 1906 Act applied only to "Indian allottees."
Into the correctness of this decision we do not inquire. It is not, however, controlling here since it turned upon the interpretation of the Act of May 8, 1906, and did not involve any question concerning proper construction of the Act of June 21 of that year, which is presently involved.
Our inquiry is whether Congress intended to include within the meaning of the word "allottees" as used in the latter Act, Indian wards of the United States holding homestead lands by virtue of the Act of 1884. It is argued that Congress did so intend, but that the legislators used only the term "allottee" and did not add "or Indian homesteader" because, while such addition would have prevented the question here involved from arising, it would have added further confusion for the reason thatPage 193the language is too broad and would include as well as tribal Indians claiming as wards of the United States under the Act of 1884, Indians claiming as citizens — not as Indian wards — under the general homestead laws. The purpose of the language used is therefore not so plainly apparent as to preclude resort to judicial interpretation. On the contrary, if effect is to be given to the true intent of the Congress, we must avail ourselves of sources of information other than the language of the Act in order to aid us in the disclosure of that intention. There is here no lack of familiar and approved sources from which light upon the proper construction of this statute may be obtained.
It is a familiar rule of statutory construction that great weight is properly to be given to the construction consistently given to a statute by the Executive Department charged with its administration.United Statesv.Cerecedo Hermanos yCompania,209 U.S. 337;Robertsonv.Downing,127 U.S. 607;United Statesv.Healey,160 U.S. 136; and such construction is not to be overturned unless clearly wrong, or unless a different construction is plainly required.United Statesv.Johnston,124 U.S. 236,253;Hawleyv.Diller,178 U.S. 476,488. Applying this rule, we find from the case ofTossWeaxta, 47 L.D. 574, that it has long been the settled ruling of the Department of the Interior, both under the very statutes here involved and under other statutes enacted by Congress with similar purpose and pursuant to its general plan with respect to Indian allotments and homesteads, that Indian allotments and Indian homesteads are in all essential respects upon the same footing, and that each is equally within the purview of a statute in which the Congress may use only the terms "allottee" and "allotment."
The case ofToss Weaxta, supra, was in all essential respects identical with this case, and it involved the same question of law under the same two statutes. Weaxta hadPage 194received a trust patent under the Act of 1884, and, at the expiration of the 25-year trust period, he applied to the Commissioner of the General Land Office to issue to him a patent in fee covering his homestead. The Commissioner denied the application, on the ground that the trust period had been, by order of the President, extended, pursuant to the power given the President by the Act of June 21, 1906. Weaxta appealed to the Secretary of the Interior, claiming that an Indian homestead, such as he held, was not an Indian allotment, and that the Act of June 21, 1906, by its terms limits the authority to extend the trust periods to "Indian allotments only." The First Assistant Secretary, in affirming the decision of the Commissioner, found:
"The Department all along has considered Indian homesteads and Indian allotments upon the public lands as being upon practically the same footing, and Congress has recognized the similarity."
He concluded, from a review of lawsin pari materia, the condition and standing of the Indians, and the obligations of the Government, that both Indian homesteads and Indian allotments must be considered as included within the meaning of the Act of June 21, 1906.
In the case ofJim Crow, 32 L.D. 657, 659, the question was whether lands inherited from a deceased Indianhomesteadercame within the provisions of the Act of May 27, 1902,32 Stat. 245, 275, which Act, by its terms, authorized the sale and conveyance of inherited Indian lands by the heirs of a deceasedallottee. The Assistant Attorney General held that the Act applied to the heirs ofallIndian claimants for portions of the public lands, to whom a trust or other patent containing restrictions upon alienation had been issued, regardless of whether the claim of the Indian was initiated under what are known as Indian homestead laws or under Indian allotment laws. This ruling was approved by the Acting Secretary of the Interior, 32 L.D.p. 659. In that ruling the similarity ofPage 195the claims of Indians arising out of rights conferred upon them by the General Allotment Act and by the Act of 1884 which gave them homestead entry rights, was pointed out. It was there said:
"The general allotment act, so far as it affects public lands, and the preceding Indian homestead provisions, are so clearly connected that they should be construedin pari materiaas relating to the same subject-matter. The later allotment act but carries forward the policy of the former enactments to give Indians a right to secure homes upon the public domain.
"Congress has recognized that allotment claims are of the same nature as homestead rights. A fund has been provided for assisting Indian homesteaders and carried upon the books of the Treasury Department under the title `Homesteads for Indians,' and by the Act of March 3, 1891,26 Stat. 989, 1007, the Secretary of the Interior was authorized and directed to apply the balance of this fund for the employment of allotting agents `to assist Indians desiring to take homesteads under section 4,' of the act of February 28 [8], 1887.
"Here Congress characterized claims under the allotment act as homesteads. Claims under the various laws relating to Indian homesteads may with equal propriety be characterized as allotments. In fact the terms mean substantially the same thing so far as the laws in which they are found affect the public lands and so far as the interests of the Indian claimant are concerned.
"This Department has considered Indian homesteads upon practically the same footing as Indian allotments upon the public lands. It is held that the Government is bound to protect the rights of the Indian homesteader during the trust period, that no preference right of entry is obtained by contest against an Indian homestead and a relinquishment of an Indian homestead entry does not become effective until approved by this Department.Page 196(Doc Jim, 32 L.D. 291). These rules apply also to Indian allotments. The control, jurisdiction, and obligations of the Department are the same in one case as in the other.
"The objects of the law relating to Indian homesteads are the same as those relating to Indian allotments on the public lands, the status of the Indian claimant is the same under both classes of laws, the duties and obligations of the government are the same. Both the legislative and executive branches of the government have recognized these similarities of purpose in the laws, standing of claimants thereunder, and obligations of the government."
The ruling of the Department of the Interior has been to the same effect under the Act of June 25, 1910,36 Stat. 855. It was held that that Act empowered the Secretary to determine the heirs of an Indian to whom a homestead trust patent had been issued under the Act of 1884, when the Indian dies before the expiration of the trust, notwithstanding that the Act provides only "that when any Indian to whom anallotmentof land has been made, or may hereafter be made, dies before the expiration of the trust period," the Secretary may determine his heirs.Toss Weaxta, 47 L.D. at 577.
We find that the Indian Homestead Act of July 4, 1884, and the General Allotment Act of February 8, 1887, with its various amendments, constitute part of a single system evidencing a continuous purpose on the part of the Congress. The statutes arein pari materia, and must be so construed. It cannot be supposed that Congress, in any part of this legislation, all of which is directed toward the benefit and protection of the Indians, as such, intended to exclude from the beneficent policy which each Act evidences, an Indian claiming under the homestead act, even though the statute uses the term "allottee." If there were any doubt on the question, the silence of Congress in the face of the long continued practice of thePage 197Department of the Interior in construing statutes which refer only to Indian "allottees," or Indian "allotments," as applicable also to Indians claiming under the homestead laws, must be considered as "equivalent to consent to continue the practice until the power was revoked by some subsequent action by Congress."United Statesv.Midwest Oil Co.,236 U.S. 459,481.
Nothing herein contained must be taken as intimating that the Act of June 21, 1906, has any application to the acquisition of homestead rights under the general homestead laws by persons of the Indian race who have acquired or seek to acquire such rights as citizens rather than as Indian wards of the United States. This distinction is pointed out inCase of Frank Bergeron, 30 L.D. 375.Both questions answered, "Yes."
- Page 189 "That such Indians as may now be located on public lands, or as may, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, or otherwise, hereafter, so locate may avail themselves of the provisions of the homestead laws as fully and to the same extent as may now be done by citizens of the United States; . . . but no fees or commissions shall be charged on account of said entries or proofs. All patents therefor shall be of the legal effect, and declare that the United States does and will hold the land thus entered for the period of twenty-five years, in trust for the sole use and benefit of the Indian by whom such entry shall have been made, or, in case of his decease, of his widow and heirs according to the laws of the State or Territory where such land is located, and that at the expiration of said period the United States will convey the same by patent to said Indian, or his widow and heirs as aforesaid, in fee, discharged of said trust and free of all charge or incumbrance whatsoever." ↩