Opinion · United States Tax Court

Frank v. Commissioner

Frank v. Comm’r, 54 T.C. 75 (T.C. 1970)

Type
Opinion
Court
United States Tax Court
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1970-01-26
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • fair market value is appropriate measure for valuation

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FRANK v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,54 T.C. 75(1970)
M. P. FRANK AND BEATRICE FRANK, PETITIONERS v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE, RESPONDENT
Docket No. 4436-66.
United States Tax Court.
Filed January 26, 1970.
Petitioner received certain nonstatutory options to acquire the stock of two corporations for which he had rendered services as an organizer, promoter, officer, and director.Held:Page 76

1. Petitioner was an employee of both corporations, and the options at issue were granted for reasons connected with such employment, and therefore, the rules contained in sec. 1.421-6, Income Tax Regs., are applicable to the instant case.

2. The options at issue did not have a readily ascertainable value at the time of their grant. Consequently, date of grant does not constitute the appropriate taxable event herein.

3. Petitioner is taxable at the time of exercise upon the difference between the amount he paid for the stock at issue and the fair market value of such stock on the exercise date.

4. The fair market value of the stock at issue on the date of exercise was $18.50 per adjusted share.
Marvin E. KlitsnerandWilliam J. Willis,for the petitioners.Sheldon Chertow,for the respondent.
STERRETT,Judge:
The Commissioner determined a deficiency in the petitioner's income tax for the calendar year 1960 in the amount of $644,187.86.

The issues presented for our decision are as follows:

(1) Whether the rules contained in section 1.421-6, Income Tax Regs., governing the taxation of nonstatutory stock options, are applicable to the instant case.

(2) Whether the options at issue had a readily ascertainable fair market value at the time of their grant, and were therefore taxable to petitioner in the year of grant as compensation income under section 61 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954.1

(3) If grant does not constitute the appropriate taxable event, whether petitioner realized compensation income in the year of exercise within the meaning of section 61 (a) to the extent that the fair market value of the stock petitioner received upon exercise of the options exceeded the amount that he paid for such stock.

(4) If exercise is determined to be the appropriate taxable event, what was the fair market value of the stock at issue on the date of exercise.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts have been stipulated by the parties. The stipulated facts and the exhibits attached thereto are incorporated herein by this reference. A summary of the pertinent facts is set forth below.

At the time of filing their petition herein, M. P. Frank (hereinafter referred to as petitioner) and Beatrice Frank were husband and wife residing in Mequon, Wis. They filed their joint Federal income taxPage 77return for the calendar year 1960 with the district director of internal revenue at Milwaukee, Wis.

From 1952 through the year in issue and beyond, petitioner was a partner in a Milwaukee, Wis., law firm. His law practice consisted primarily of real estate law.

Petitioner Max H. Karl and Spiros W. Kallas organized a Wisconsin insurance corporation known as Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corp. (hereinafter referred to as MGIC). On September 1, 1956, 10 weeks prior to MGIC's incorporation, the incorporating group unanimously adopted a resolution providing that MGIC would issue 1,000 shares of no-par common stock for $525 per share. It was also resolved that the $525 per share price would be allocated as follows: $400 to capital, $100 to capital surplus, and $25 for promotional and/or organizational expense. The resolution of the MGIC incorporating group dated September 1, 1956, further stated in pertinent part:

RESOLVED: That M. P. Frank, Max H. Karl and Spiros W. Kallas shall be empowered to sell the capital stock of the corporation for the price above designated, and that in consideration of their efforts in such sale and in the promotion and organization of this corporation, they shall be given compensation in accordance with the following proposed option agreement, which is hereby ratified by the incorporators:

FOR VALUABLE CONSIDERATION, it is hereby agreed by and between M. P. FRANK, of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, MAX H. KARL of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, and SPIROS W. KALLAS of Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, hereinafter called Promoters, and the incorporators of MORTGAGE GUARANTY INSURANCE CORPORATION, hereinafter called the Company, that in consideration of the Promoters expending their time and effort in the organization of the Company and the sale of its capital stock, they shall be paid the sum of $25.00 per share of such stock as is sold by them in accordance with the subscription agreement of the Company; and at any time prior to December 31, 1959, each of the Promoters shall have the option to purchase 100 shares of common stock without par value for the consideration of $500.00 per share, and such aggregate of 300 shares shall be reserved for them during such option period.

Petitioner did not participate in the promotion and sale of MGIC stock after the initial capital of $200,000 was subscribed.

On November 14, 1956, the original articles of incorporation of MGIC were filed in the office of the commissioner of insurance of the State of Wisconsin, who issued a certificate of incorporation on November 21, 1956. The principal business purpose of MGIC was insuring mortgage lenders against credit losses on residential first-mortgage loans.

In the 1930's, when the insuring of lenders against mortgage loans was a function of private insurance, the insurers operating at the time suffered severe losses and failed. When private insurance companiesPage 78withdrew from the mortgage loan insurance field in the 1930's, Federal programs were adopted in the national interest to fill the continuing need for this insurance, principally the insurance activities of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) which began in 1934 and the mortgage loan guaranty activities of the Veterans' Administration (VA) which began in 1944. These agencies remained the only general available source of mortgage loan insurance until MGIC entered the field in 1957. Accordingly, there was little or no experience of record of private companies to serve as a guide with which to estimate the risks involved.

Petitioner Max H. Karl and Spiros W. Kallas were also the organizers and promoters of a second Wisconsin corporation, Guaranty Insurance Agency, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as GIAI). Articles of incorporation for GIAI were filed with the secretary of state for the State of Wisconsin on February 15, 1957. The authorized capital of GIAI was 1,000 shares of no-par common stock, and the original price per share was $25. The principal business purpose of GIAI was the selling of insurance issued by MGIC and the financing of the payment of commissions due agents.

On January 9, 1957, petitioner was elected to the MGIC board of directors, and on the same day he was chosen to be the first MGIC secretary-treasurer. On May 6, 1957, petitioner was elected to serve on the GIAI board of directors, and on May 23, 1957, he became the first GIAI president.

In his capacity as secretary-treasurer and director of MGIC, petitioner attended and participated in at least 16 MGIC board meetings and five MGIC shareholder meetings held during the years 1957, 1958, and 1959. Petitioner's signature and the designation "Secretary" appears at the end of the corporate minutes for each of these 21 meetings. On February 18, 1957, the MGIC board of directors authorized the president of MGIC and petitioner in his capacity as secretary thereof to borrow $200,000 from American State Bank, Milwaukee, Wis. At a MGIC board meeting held on March 29, 1957, petitioner presented a plan concerning the insurance of mortgages secured by a bond issue, and the board authorized him to proceed with further negotiations relating to this plan. On May 6, 1957, petitioner submitted a report of contacts with lending institutions in Madison, Wis., to the MGIC board. In a meeting held on January 8, 1958, the MGIC board conferred general management authority, including the hiring of personnel, on a three-man committee consisting of Max H. Karl, Spiros W. Kallas, and petitioner. Petitioner was authorized to sign checks and make deposits to various MGIC bank accounts.Page 79

In his capacity as president and director of GIAI, petitioner attended and chaired at least six GIAI board meetings and at least one GIAI shareholders meeting held during the years 1957 through 1959. On January 8, 1958, the GIAI board unanimously agreed that the management of GIAI would be vested in a three-man board composed of petitioner (president), Spiros W. Kallas (vice president), and Mary Jane Johnston (secretary-treasurer). Petitioner was authorized to sign checks and make deposits to the GIAI account with North Shore State Bank of Shorewood, Wisc.

On July 1, 1959, petitioner resigned from his positions as director of MGIC and director and president of GIAI. He also resigned from the office of treasurer of MGIC on September 27, 1960. At the insistence of his business associates, petitioner continued to hold the office of secretary until 1965.

Petitioner did not directly receive cash remuneration for any services as an organizer, promoter, officer, or director of MGIC and GIAI, except to the extent of his share of the $25 per share promotional fee and except to the extent that the options at issue may be found to constitute compensation.

In March 1957 the MGIC shareholders authorized an increase in capitalization from $500,000 to $1 million by raising the number of authorized shares from 1,000 shares (no-par value) to 10,000 shares ($100 par value). The board of directors resolved that the new issue price would be $125 ($100 to stated capital and $25 to capital surplus), and that the old shareholders could convert on the basis of four new shares for each original share.

On May 6, 1957, the first meeting of the incorporators and subscribers of GIAI was held. Commencing on May 7, 1957, shares of GIAI were issued to owners of MGIC shares in units of one share of GIAI to four shares of MGIC. Owners of record of MGIC shares as of May 1957 paid the issuing price of $25 for each GIAI share. As a result, purchasers of MGIC shares, no-par value, paid $550 per unit (four shares of MGIC and one share of GIAI acquired for $525 and $25, respectively). Purchasers of MGIC shares, $100 par value, paid $525, $550, or $575 per unit (four shares of MGIC at $125 per share plus one share of GIAI at $25, $50, or $75). For purposes of this opinion, a unit of MGIC shall hereinafter refer to four shares of MGIC and one share of GIAI.

On September 27, 1957, the MGIC shareholders voted to decrease par value from $100 to $80, and increase the number of authorized shares from 10,000 to 12,500. Total authorized capital remained $1Page 80million. Each share of $100 par value stock was exchanged for a share of $80 par value stock and the issuing price of MGIC stock continued to be $125 per share. The difference between the issuing price of $125 and the par value of $80 was credited to surplus.

On September 2, 1958, the board of directors of MGIC adopted the following resolution:

RESOLVED: That Max H. Karl, Spiros W. Kallas and M. P. Frank shall each have the option to purchase $50,000 of the current issue of common stock, at the price of $125 per share, such option to extend until December 31, 1962. Such option shall be in lieu of any option granted previously to each of the organizers.

On the same date, the board of directors of GIAI passed a similar resolution giving the three organizers the option until December 31, 1962, of purchasing 100 shares of GIAI stock at the price of $25 per share.

Option agreements dated September 2, 1958, were entered into between petitioner and MGIC and GIAI, respectively. Identical agreements were entered into between Max H. Karl and Spiros W. Kallas, and MGIC and GIAI. Under these agreements, petitioner and the other two organizers, in accordance with the resolutions of the MGIC and GIAI boards of directors, each acquired the equivalent of an option to purchase 100 units of MGIC (400 shares of MGIC and 100 shares of GIAI) at an exercise price of $525 per unit. The option agreements contained no restrictions on transfer or any other restrictions whatsoever. Said options were exercisable in full at any time prior to December 31, 1962.

Petitioner's agreement with MGIC provided that the option was "in consideration of the sum of One Dollar ($1.00) and other good and valuable consideration, particularly by reason of Frank's [petitioner's] organizational and promotional activity on behalf of MGIC." Petitioner's agreement with GIAI contained identical language with respect to that corporation.

During the calendar year 1958, MGIC issued 1,613 shares, $80 par value, at the issuing price of $125. Subsequent to January 24, 1958, the issuing price of shares of GIAI, no-par value, was $75 per share, resulting in an issuing price of $575 per unit of four shares of MGIC and one share of GIAI.

The known sales or transfers of MGIC and GIAI stock between third parties from the respective dates of incorporation through the month of September 1958 have been stipulated in the following manner:Page 81
Sales of shares of MGIC, $100 par value

Date of Shares sold to — Number of shares Selling price sale per unitAs reflected on MGIC records MGIC GIAI6/24/57 .. John Ruppa .................. 40 ................ Unknown .. Do ......... do .................... 40 ................... do .... Do ... Marshall J. Palakow ......... 40 ................... do .... 8/7/57 ... Ronald and Leda Danzig ...... 8 ................... do .... 9/3/57 ... Minnie K. Friedman .......... 24 ................... do .... Do ... Zelda Loseff ................ 4 ................... do .... Do ... Anita R. Karl ............... 4 ................... do .... ---------------------------------- Total .................... 1601...... $472.502Stock split 4 for 1

Sales of shares of MGIC, $80 par value, and GIAI, no-par value

11/13/57 .. Lawrence and Rita Tarkinow 12 3 $550 12/12/57 .. David Cohn ................. 8 2 550 Do .... Evelyn Cohn ................ 8 2 550 2/3/58 .... Florence Rothman ........... 4 ............ Unknown .... 8/6/58 .... Mildred Zubrensky .......... 8 2 ..... do ...... 8/20/58 ... Ruth Orenstein ............. 16 4 575 9/5/58 .... Sammy Cohen ................ 16 4 575 9/5/58 .... Morey Cohen ................ 16 4 550

Sales of shares of MGIC, $100 par value

Total Date of Shares sold to — Total sales original sale price costAs reflected on MGIC records

6/24/57 .. John Ruppa..................... Unknown ........... Unknown. Do ..........do.......................... do ............. Do. Do ... Marshall J. Palakow............... do ............. Do. 8/7/57 ... Ronald and Leda Danzig............ do ............. Do. 9/3/57 ... Minnie K. Friedman................ do ............. Do. Do ... Zelda Loseff...................... do ............. Do. Do ... Anita R. Karl..................... do ............. Do. ---------- ----------- Total .................... $18,900 $21,000 Stock split 4 for 1

Sales of shares of MGIC, $80 par value, and GIAI, no-par value

11/13/57 .. Lawrence and Rita Tarkinow $1,650 $1,650 12/12/57 .. David Cohn ................. 1,100 1,100 Do .... Evelyn Cohn ................ 1,100 1,100 2/3/58 .... Florence Rothman .......... Unknown .......... Unknown. 8/6/58 .... Mildred Zubrensky ........... do ................ Do. 8/20/58 ... Ruth Orenstein ............. 2,300 2,300 9/5/58 .... Sammy Cohen ................ 2,300 2,300 9/5/58 .... Morey Cohen ................ 2,200 2,200
In July 1959 the shareholders and directors of MGIC and GIAI, respectively, authorized an increase in capital of MGIC and GIAI to 200,000 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, or $2 million, and 50,000 shares of GIAI, $5 par value, or $250,000. Each share of the previously authorized $80 par value MGIC stock and the no-par GIAI stock was to be canceled and exchanged for eight shares of the newly authorized $10 par value MGIC stock and the $5 par value GIAI stock, respectively.

At board meetings of MGIC and GIAI held on July 31, 1959, the directors respectively voted to issue 40,000 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 10,000 shares of GIAI, $5 par value, of the authorized and unissued common stock in units of four shares of MGIC and one share of GIAI. The directors of MGIC and GIAI also authorized and directed certain officers of the two corporations to file with the Department of Securities of the State of Wisconsin appropriate applications for the registration of all of MGIC's common stock, $10 par value, and all of GIAI's common stock, $5 par value, to be issued and outstanding. The directors of MGIC and GIAI further authorized the filing of a registration statement on Form S-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which was filed on September 24, 1959, and contained the issuing price of $115 per unit. The issuing price under a prospectus dated February 25, 1960, was $115 per unit or $25 for each of four shares of MGIC and $15 for one share of GIAI. The registration statement and related prospectus contained the following statement: "ThePage 82Common Stock is not being offered to the public generally, but only for investment to certain selected executives of mortgage lending institutions." All those purchasing the stock were required to represent that such purchase was not made with a view to distribution, and to agree not to resell the stock for a period of 6 months. None of the common stock of MGIC and GIAI sold prior to the date of the prospectus, February 25, 1960, was registered under the Securities Act of 1933.

On January 14, 1960, the boards of directors of MGIC and GIAI voted to revise existing option agreements in view of the 8-for-1 stock split of each of said companies in July 1959. The options to buy stock of MGIC and GIAI held by petitioner were modified to take account of the 8-for-1 stock split, so that petitioner had the option to acquire 3,200 shares of MGIC common stock, $10 par value, and 800 shares of GIAI common stock, $5 par value, at $15.625 and $3.125 per share, respectively.

On or about September 28, 1960, the shareholders and boards of directors of MGIC and GIAI adopted a plan to reorganize through the sale of all assets of GIAI to MGIC in return for the latter's stock, and a reclassification of capital stock of MGIC from 200,000 shares, $10 par value, to 2 million shares, $1 par value. The reorganization encompassed a stock split of MGIC shares of 10-for-1 and the receipt by each shareholder of GIAI upon liquida tion of six shares of MGIC for one share of GIAI. The plan of reorganization of MGIC and GIAI was carried out promptly after September 28, 1960.

As a result of the stock splits and reorganization of MGIC and GIAI, petitioner had the option to purchase the equivalent of 36,800 shares of MGIC, $1 par value, at the equivalent of $1.43 per share of MGIC. Petitioner exercised his options on or about September 28, 1960, by payments of $50,000 and $2,500 in return for 3,200 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 800 shares of GIAI, $5 par value, respectively, which were immediately thereafter exchanged for 36,800 shares of MGIC, $1 par value.

At various times in 1959 and 1960, Spiros W. Kallas sold certain options to purchase MGIC stock, as follows:
Selling price Exercise price for options per for options per Date of Person in whose name share after all share after all acquisition purchase was made splits and splits and reorganization reorganization

6/10/59 ........ Milton Soref ...........1$1.43 9/19/59 ............. do ................ $1.70 1.43 10/31/59 ............ do ................ 1.70 1.43 6/11/60 ........ Louis Zolot ............11.43 7/25/60 ........ Marshall J. Palakow .... 7.80 1.43 9/1/60 ......... Frederic L. Gale ....... 15.92 1.43
Page 83

All of the options acquired by Milton Soref, Marshall Palakow, and Fredric Gale from Spiros Kallas were purchased for various parties who intended to acquire shares of MGIC and GIAI immediately after acquisition of the options. The options were exercised promptly by such individuals after acquisition. At the time the options were acquired, the stock of MGIC and GIAI was not being made available by either company to the purchasers of such options.

As of September 30, 1960, there was a total of 111,284 shares of MGIC, $10 par value and 27,289 shares of GIAI, $5 par value or 1,276,574 adjusted shares issued and outstanding. Of this amount 217,672 adjusted shares (approximately 17 percent of the total outstanding adjusted shares) were registered under the prospectus of February 25, 1960, and subject to investment letter restrictions.

By September 28, 1960, MGIC and GIAI had granted various officers and directors of said companies options to acquire 2,520 shares of MGIC and 630 shares of GIAI, or 630 units. With certain exceptions, most of these options to acquire said shares of MGIC and GIAI were exercised on or about September 28, 1960.

At a meeting of the MGIC board of directors on September 28, 1960, it was resolved that for the first time 150,000 shares of MGIC, $1 par value, would be issued to the public. On October 17, 1960, MGIC filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission relative to a public offering of its common stock, $1 par value, at a proposed maximum offering price of $22.50 per share of MGIC. Such offering was ultimately made 1 year later pursuant to a prospectus, dated October 17, 1961, at the offering price of $27.50 per share of MGIC.

Bache Co., a brokerage firm, made sales for the account of Marshall J. Palakow of 73 units of MGIC stock on September 13 and 14 of 1960 at the price of $1,000 per unit or an adjusted per share price of $21.74. Marshall J. Palakow also transferred 60 units of MGIC (240 shares of MGIC, $10 par value and 60 shares of GIAI, $5 par value) to Gerald Friedman, and an additional 25 units (100 shares of MGIC, $10 par value and 25 shares of GIAI, $5 par value) to Milton Soref, both transactions occurring on September 16, 1960, at the per share price of $21.66. Bache Co. made sales of 70 units of MGIC for the account of Fredric L. Gale on September 30, 1960, at $1,050 per unit, or $22.83 per adjusted share.

Between January 1, 1960, and September 30, 1960, a total of 13,992 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 3,498 shares of GIAI, $5 par value, were sold between third parties at adjusted per share prices (i.e., adjusted for all stock splits and the reorganization) ranging from $2.54 in January 1960 to $22.83 in September 1960 as follows:Page 84
Price range per Number ofPeriod in 1960 adjusted share transactions

January — March ....................... $2.54-$6.32 35 April-June ........................... 5.47-7.03 37 July ................................. 7.81-10.93 20 August ............................... 10.94-12.52 48 September ............................ 16.30-22.83 68 ---------- Total ................................................. 198
During the month of September 1960 there were 68 transactions between third parties involving sale of 738 units of MGIC (2,952 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 738 shares of GIAI, $5 par value). The prices for only a few of these transactions are available. After September 30, 1960, the common stock of MGIC was traded in larger volumes than previously.

On October 20, 1960, the price of MGIC was first quoted in the "Milwaukee Sentinel" at a bid price of 26 and asked price of 28. The bid and asked prices of MGIC during the balance of the month of October were as follows:
Date — 1960 Bid Asked

October 21 .................................. 26 1/2 28 1/2 October 22 .................................. 24 26 October 25 .................................. 24 26 October 26 .................................. 23 1/2 25 1/2 October 27 .................................. 23 1/2 25 1/2 October 28 .................................. 23 1/2 25 1/2 October 29 .................................. 23 1/2 25 1/2
The financial statements of MGIC show that it sustained losses of $53,283.14 and $15,770 during the years 1957 and 1958, respectively, and enjoyed net profits during the next 2 years in the respective amounts of $84,884.47 and $305,543.09.2GIAI suffered net losses of $26,722, $14,509, and $66,945 during the years 1958, 1959, and 1960.

Petitioner did not include any amount in his gross income as a result of the grant or the exercise of the stock options. In his statutory notice, the respondent determined that petitioner realized income in the amount of $753,420 during the taxable year 1960 upon the exercise of the MGIC stock options. This amount represents the difference between the alleged fair market value of the stock received at exercise, and the exercise price, computed as follows:Page 85
Fair market value of stock received ($21.90 per adjusted share) ........................................ $805,920
Exercise price .................................. 52,500 ---------- Income realized.................................. 753,420
OPINION
At the outset, we observe that it cannot be disputed that either the stock options or the underlying stock involved herein is taxable to petitioner at some point in time. The Supreme Court has clearly held that such stock options represent an economic benefit to petitioner, includable in his gross income as compensation for services rendered within the meaning of section 61(a).Commissionerv.LoBue,351 U.S. 243,247(1956).

The crux of the controversy between the parties concerns the selection of the appropriate taxable event. Petitioner's primary argument is that he is taxable at the time ofgrantof the options at issue; whereas, respondent contends for taxation at the time ofexerciseof such options.

Determination of the taxable event affects not only theamountincludable in petitioner's gross income, but also thecharacterof that income. The facts of this case indicate that the value of stock at issue increased during the period between the date of grant (September 2, 1958) and the date of exercise (September 28, 1960). If date of grant is chosen as the appropriate taxable event, only the fair market value of the options themselves would be includable in petitioner's gross income at ordinary rates, and all subsequent increments in value would be taxable to him at capital gain rates.3On the other hand, if date of exercise is selected as the taxable event, petitioner must include in gross income at ordinary rates the difference between the amount he paid for the stock (i.e., the exercise price) and the fair market value of such stock on the exercise date, and only those increases in value which occur subsequent to the exercise date would be accorded capital gain treatment.
Issue 1. Applicability of the NonstatutoryStock Option Regulations
Both parties agree that the stock options here involved fail to qualify for the treatment accorded statutory stock options under sections 421 through 425, and consequently, are to be considered as nonstatutoryPage 86stock options for tax purposes. While there is no statutory authority, with the exception of the general provisions of section 61(a), governing the taxation of nonstatutory stock options, the Commissioner has promulgated regulations (sec. 1.421-6, Income Tax Regs.) setting forth rather detailed rules for the nonstatutory stock option area. These regulations are concerned with the taxation of nonstatutory stock options granted "to an employee or other person for any reason connected with the employment of such employee." Sec. 1.421-6(a)(1), Income Tax Regs. However, these regulations were not applicable to options received by independent contractors or other nonemployees during the years involved herein.4

Petitioner contests the applicability of the nonstatutory stock option regulations to this case primarily on the ground that he was not an employee of either MGIC or GIAI. Alternatively, he argues that even assumingarguendothat he was such an employee, the options at issue were not granted for any reason connected with his employment. We disagree.

Section 1.421-6(b)(2), Income Tax Regs., refers to section 3401(c) and the regulations thereunder for the rules applicable to the determination whether the required employer-employee relationship exists for purposes of the nonstatutory stock option regulations. Pertinent provisions of the section 31.3401(c) regulations are set forth below:

Sec. 31.3401(c)-1. Employee.

(b) Generally the relationship of employer and employee exists when the person for whom services are performed has the right to control and direct the individual who performs the services, not only as to the result to be accomplished by the work but also as to the details and means by which that result is accomplished. That is, an employee is subject to the will and control of the employer not only as to what shall be done but how it shall be done. * * *

(c) Generally, physicians, lawyers, dentists, veterinarians, contractors, subcontractors, public stenographers, auctioneers, and others who follow an independent trade, business, or profession, in which they offer their services to the public, are not employees.

(d) Whether the relationship of employer and employee exists will in doubtful cases be determined upon an examination of the particular facts of each case.

* * * * * * *

(f) All classes or grades of employees are included within the relationship of employer and employee. Thus, superintendents, managers, and other supervisory personnel are employees. Generally, an officer of a corporation is an employee of the corporation. * * *Page 87

In accordance with paragraph (d) above, we have examined all the facts and circumstances of the instant case in order to determine whether an employer-employee relationship existed between petitioner and MGIC and GIAI, respectively, during the years involved herein. The facts show that petitioner was a promoter and organizer of both MGIC and GIAI prior to their respective incorporation dates. Thereafter, he served as director of both corporations and president of GIAI until July 1, 1959, and as secretary-treasurer of MGIC until September 27, 1960. Paragraph (f) of the above-quoted regulations clearly indicates that as a general rule an officer of a corporation is considered to be an employee thereof.

In an effort to except himself from the operation of this general rule, petitioner relies upon his testimony before this Court, which was to the effect that the services he performed as an officer of the two corporations were minor in nature. To the contrary, close scrutiny of the MGIC and GIAI corporate minutes and other exhibits in the record before us reveals that petitioner, in his testimony before us, unduly minimized the role he played as secretary-treasurer and president of MGIC and GIAI respectively.

Article IV of the bylaws of both MGIC and GIAI confer substantial responsibilities and duties upon the offices held by petitioner with these corporations.

The MGIC corporate minutes indicate that petitioner in his capacity as secretary of MGIC fulfilled the duties of that office as prescribed in the bylaws. Petitioner attended and participated in at least 16 MGIC board meetings and 5 MGIC shareholder meetings held during the years 1957, 1958, and 1959. He presumably prepared the minutes for each of these 21 meetings inasmuch as his name and the designation "Secretary" appears at the end of each set of minutes. On February 18, 1957, the MGIC board of directors authorized the president of MGIC and petitioner in his capacity as secretary thereof to borrow $200,000 from American State Bank, Milwaukee, Wis. At a MGIC board meeting held on March 29, 1957, petitioner presented a plan concerning the insurance of mortgages secured by a bond issue, and the board authorized him to proceed with further negotiations relating to this plan. On May 6, 1957, petitioner submitted a report of contacts with lending institutions in Madison, Wis., to the MGIC board. In a meeting held on January 8, 1958, the MGIC board conferred general management authority, including the hiring of personnel, on a three-man committee consisting of Max H. Karl, Spiros W. Kallas, and petitioner. Petitioner was authorized to sign checks and make deposits to various MGIC bank accounts.Page 88

The GIAI corporate minutes likewise indicate that petitioner carried out the duties of president of GIAI in accordance with the provisions of the bylaws. He attended and chaired at least six GIAI board meetings and at least one GIAI shareholders meeting held during the years 1957 through 1959. On January 8, 1958, the GIAI board unanimously agreed that the management of GIAI would be vested in a three-man board composed of petitioner (president), Spiros W. Kallas (vice president), and Mary Jane Johnston (secretary-treasurer). Petitioner was authorized to sign checks and make deposits to the GIAI account with North Shore State Bank of Shorewood, Wisconsin.

Faced, as we are, with this rather considerable evidence to the contrary, we cannot accept petitioner's testimony that he performed only minor services for MGIC and GIAI. Nor are we persuaded by his argument that such services were rendered gratuitously. As will be more thoroughly discussed later, we are convinced that the options granted to petitioner in 1958 were, among other things, intended as compensation for petitioner's services as an officer of both corporations.

Finally, we find no merit in petitioner's contention that there is no evidence in the record that MGIC or GIAI had the right to direct and control the performance of his duties in accordance with paragraph (b) of the section 3401(c) regulations. The bylaws of both corporations clearly provide that the board of directors has the traditional board power to elect, remove from office, or prescribe duties for the president, secretary, and treasurer of such corporations. It would therefore appear that MGIC and GIAI had the customary power of a corporation to direct and control its officers in the performance of their duties. Thus, we have concluded that a bona fide employer-employee relationship did exist between petitioner and MGIC and GIAI, respectively.

In support of his alternative argument, petitioner relies on his testimony that the options at issue represented compensation for his efforts as an organizer, incorporator, and promoter of the two corporations, rather than remuneration for any services he may have rendered as an employee thereof. We would agree that the original option granted by MGIC prior to its incorporation was issued to petitioner in consideration for his proposed organizational and promotional efforts on behalf of MGIC. However, the options granted in 1958, while petitioner was serving as an officer of both corporations, are another matter. Under the 1958 options, petitioner received the following benefits not found in the original option: (1) The option period was extended 3 years (i.e., to a period of time when the fair market value of the underlying stock was likely to be higher) and (2) an option to buy GIAI stock was added.Page 89

It would be naive to think that these valuable additional benefits were not granted as a result of petitioner's very substantial services as an officer of the two issuing corporations.5Consequently, we conclude that the 1958 options were given for reasons connected with petitioner's employment by MGIC and GIAI.

In view of the foregoing, we hold that the rules contained in section 1.421-6 of the regulations, dealing with the taxation of nonstatutory stock options, are applicable to the instant case.
Issue 2. Tax Consequences at Date of Grant
Having determined the applicability of the nonstatutory stock option regulations, our task becomes one of applying the rules contained therein to the facts of the instant case to determine the appropriate moment of taxation.

Section 1.421-6(c)(3)(i) of these regulations provides that where, as here, the option is not actively traded on an established market, the fair market value of such option is not readily ascertainable unless that value can be measured with reasonable accuracy, which requires that the taxpayer be able to show that all of the following conditions exist:

(a) The option is freely transferable by the optionee;

(b) The option is exercisable immediately in full by the optionee;

(c) The option or the property subject to the option is not subject to any restriction or condition (other than a lien or other condition to secure the payment of the purchase price) which has a significant effect upon the fair market value of the option or such property; and

(d) The fair market value of the option privilege is readily ascertainable in accordance with subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph.

Subdivision (ii) provides in pertinent part:

(ii) * * * The option privilege is the opportunity to benefit at any time during the period the option may be exercised from any appreciation during such period in the value of the property subject to the option without risking any capital. Therefore, the fair market value of an option is not merely the difference which may exist at a particular time between the option price and the value of the property subject to the option but also includes the value of the option privilege. Accordingly, for purposes of this section, the fair market value of the option is not readily ascertainable unless the value of the option privilege can be measured with reasonable accuracy. In determining whether the value of the option privilege is readily ascertainable, and in determining the amount of such value when such value is readily ascertainable, it is necessary to consider —

(a) Whether the value of the property subject to the option can be ascertained;Page 90

(b) The probability of any ascertainable value of such property increasing or decreasing; and

(c) The length of the period during which the option can be exercised.

The parties are in agreement that conditions (a) through (c) of subdivision (i) are satisfied under the facts of this case inasmuch as the options here involved were freely transferable, immediately exercisable in full, and not subject to any restrictions or conditions. Thus, the issue narrows to a question of whether the fair market value of the option privilege is readily ascertainable within the meaning of subdivision (ii) above.

In support of his position that the option privilege did have a readily ascertainable fair market value, petitioner relies upon the testimony of his expert witness, Ralph Inbusch, Jr. (hereinafter referred to as Inbusch), partner in a stock brokerage firm. Inbusch testified that, although the original option had no ascertainable value at grant,6the 1958 options had a fair market value of approximately $200 per unit7(or approximately 35 percent of the $575 issuing price of a unit of MGIC stock) at the time of their grant on September 2, 1958. In determining this value, Inbusch took into consideration (1) the $50 positive differential between the exercise price ($525 per unit of MGIC) and the issuing price ($575 per unit) of the stock and (2) the speculative value of the option which he described as being composed of a time factor (the length of the exercise period during which petitioner could take advantage of the option price) and a hedge factor (the fact that petitioner does not have to risk his capital during the exercise period). Included among the factors he examined in valuing the option privilege were the following: (1) The market value (issue price) of MGIC stock of $575 per unit; (2) the fixed option price of $525 per unit; (3) the 4 1/4-year duration of the exercise period; (4) the prospects for the future success of MGIC and GIAI; and (5) marketability of MGIC and GIAI stock. Inbusch assigned approximate values of $35 or $40 to the positive differential and $150 or $160 to the speculative value (approximately $100 to the time factor and $50 or $60 to the hedge factor) in arriving at a total approximate value for the options of $200 per MGIC unit. Inbusch stated that he arrived at these numbers through the use of his expertPage 91judgment, and admitted that other informed experts could differ on the value of the options within a range of approximately 25 percent to 45 percent of the value of the stock.

Respondent introduced the testimony of two well-qualified expert witnesses, James H. Lorie (hereinafter referred to as Lorie), professor of business administration and director of a center for research in security prices, and Marius A. Robinson (hereinafter referred to as Robinson), investment analyst and founder of a stock option dealership, concerning the value of the options granted on September 2, 1958. Both were in substantial agreement with Inbusch with respect to the factors8to be considered in valuing options. However, they each independently concluded that some of these factors are so uncertain under the facts of this case as to make it impossible to value the options with reasonable accuracy at the time of their grant on September 2, 1958. Lorie stressed the difficulty of determining the fair market value of the stock based upon the few isolated transactions between third parties. Other elements, which in Lorie's opinion contributed to the complexity of valuing the options, were the unique nature and extremely brief history of the company. Robinson seriously questioned whether the market value of the stock was accurately reflected by the available data herein, and emphasized the wide disparity of opinion that would arise among experts attempting to ascertain the company's future prospects for success. Lorie expressed the view that Inbusch may have understated the range within which expert opinion could vary on the question of the value of the options. Robinson estimated that a reasonable analyst would be willing to pay anywhere from 10 to 50 percent of the fair market value of the stock for the options depending upon his judgment as to the future value of the stock.

The opinion of respondent's experts finds support in the record before us. First, as illustrated by the chart set forth in our Findings of Fact, there were only a few isolated transactions among third parties occurring between the dates of incorporation of MGIC and GIAI and the month (September 1958) the options at issue were granted. Furthermore, as that same chart points up, the selling price of the stock generally followed seller's cost rather than the issue price as assumed by Inbusch. For instance, on September 5, 1958 (3 days after the date of grant), four units of MGIC were sold to Morey Cohen at the price of $550 per unit, which amount corresponds to seller's cost of those shares rather than the issue price of $575 per unit.Page 92

Secondly, the record indicates that MGIC was the first private insurance company to enter the field of mortgage loan insurance since other such private insurers failed during the 1930's. Consequently, there was little or no experience of record to serve as a guide with which to estimate the risks involved. Moreover, at the date of grant on September 2, 1958, MGIC and GIAI had been operating less than 2 years and had incurred losses at the close of each.

Based upon the credible testimony of respondent's expert witnesses and the foregoing evidence, we conclude that on September 2, 1958 (date of grant of the options at issue), the fair market value of the stock here involved, and the probability that such stock would increase or decrease in value could not be ascertained with reasonable accuracy. Hence, considerations (a) and (b) of subdivision (ii) of the section 1.421-6(c)(3) regulations are not satisfied under the facts of this case.

Petitioner next contends that condition (d) of section 1.421-6(c)(3)(i) is invalid inasmuch as it is contrary to the 16th amendment, sec. 61(a), and the case law interpreting the application of section 61(a) to the stock option area, especially the cases ofCommissionerv.Smith,324 U.S. 177(1945), andCommissionerv.LoBue, supra.

InSmith,the taxpayer was employed by Western Cooperage Co. (hereinafter referred to as Western). In 1934, Western took over the management of Hawley Pulp Paper Co. (hereinafter referred to as Hawley) at a time when Hawley was experiencing financial difficulties and had a large indebtedness. Under the terms of a contract between Hawley and Western, the latter agreed to periodically retire a portion of Hawley's indebtedness and, if Western was successful to the point of reducing such indebtedness in the amount of 1,400,000, Western was to receive a portion of Hawley's capital stock. In consideration for services he rendered in the reorganization of Hawley, the taxpayer was given an option in December 1934 to acquire a specified proportion of any Hawley shares Western might become entitled to under the contract. This option was exercisable only when Western's contract with Hawley was performed by the specified reduction of Hawley's indebtedness. In March 1938, Western became entitled to the Hawley stock and the taxpayer exercised his option during that and the following year. At the date of grant in 1934, the market price of the stock did not exceed the option price, but at the exercise dates in 1938 and 1939 the market value of the stock acquired by the taxpayer exceeded the option price in total respective sums of $81,021 and $71,663. Under these facts, the Supreme Court reasoned that the option itself was not the intended compensation because the trial court had found that it had no market value in excess of the stock at the time of grant. Therefore, concluded the Court, the underlying stock constitutedPage 93compensation income to the taxpayer to the extent of the difference between the option price and the fair market value of such stock at the exercise date. However, in stating its conclusion, the Court said:

Hence the compensation for respondent's services, which the parties contemplated, plainly was not confined to the mere delivery to respondent of an option of no present value, but included the compensation obtainable by the exercise of the option given for that purpose. It of course does not follow that in other circumstances not here present the option itself, rather than the proceeds of its exercise, could not be found to be the only intended compensation.

InLoBue,the taxpayer was manager of the New York Sales Division of Michigan Chemical Corp. In 1944, the company adopted a stock option plan making 10,000 shares of its common stock available for distribution to key employees at $5 per share over a 3-year period. The taxpayer was notified that he was one of the employees tentatively chosen to be a recipient of nontransferable stock options contingent upon his continued employment and satisfactory work. In recognition of the taxpayer's contributions to the company's success during the 3 years following the company's adoption of the stock option plan, the taxpayer was granted three stock options covering 340 shares. He exercised such options in 1946 and 1947 paying the company $1,700 for stock having a fair market value when delivered of $9,930. The Supreme Court held that the stock options constituted a substantial economic benefit to the taxpayer taxable to him as compensation for personal services under section 22(a), I.R.C. 1939 (progenitor of sec. 61(a), I.R.C. 1954). With respect to the time the gain should be measured, the Court held that, under the circumstances before it, the options were taxable at date of exercise. Again, the Court, in the following language left open the possibility that a subsequent case may arise wherein the option itself should be taxed to the recipient in the year of grant:

It is of course possible for the recipient of a stock option to realize an immediate taxable gain. SeeCommissionerv.Smith,324 U.S. 177,181-182. The option might have a readily ascertainable market value and the recipient might be free to sell his option. But this is not such a case. These three options were not transferable8and LoBue's right to buy stock under them was contingent upon his remaining an employee of the company until they were exercised. * * * [Footnote omitted.]

Petitioner argues that the Supreme Court inSmithwas enunciating the "present value" rule, that is, if a compensatory option has a "present value" when granted it is taxable immediately. He further reasons that, in using the "readily ascertainable fair market value" language inLoBue,the Supreme Court was merely restating the "present value" rule, i.e., that where the option confers some benefitPage 94upon the holder and in addition is free of restrictions and contingencies, it should be taxed at grant. In effect, petitioner is contending that where an option is freely transferable, immediately exercisable in full, and not subject to restrictions or conditions, then as a matter of law it is taxable at grant. Insofar as condition (d) of the regulations requires more, petitioner contends it is invalid.

To the contrary, condition (d) and subdivision (ii) of the regulations cast the "readily ascertainable fair market value" concept in the posture of a factual determination rather than a rule of law. Therein, it is provided that an option will not be considered to have a readily ascertainable fair market value, unless the option privilege is capable of being measured with reasonable accuracy. Several considerations are then set forth to be weighed in each particular case when making the factual determination. We consider these regulations to present a fair construction of what was intended by the Supreme Court in theLoBueopinion. That the factors set forth in subdivision (ii) are reasonable and in accord with the criteria used by stock option experts is evidenced by the fact that all three witnesses herein used substantially the same considerations in formulating their expert opinions. Surely, it cannot be considered unreasonable to require reasonable accuracy in the valuation of stock options. To hold otherwise would be to encourage estimates of fair market value of such rights on the basis of pure speculation and surmise. Cf.Helveringv.Tex-Penn Oil Co.,300 U.S. 481(1937);Burnetv.Logan,283 U.S. 404(1931); andStephen H. Dorsey,49 T.C. 606(1968).

Petitioner relies upon three cases wherein stock options were valued at grant, i.e.,McNamarav.Commissioner,210 F.2d 505(C.A. 7, 1954), reversing and remanding19 T.C. 1001(1953);Estate of Lauson Stone,19 T.C. 872(1953), affd.210 F.2d 33(C.A. 3, 1954); andColtonv.Williams,209 F. Supp. 381(N.D. Ohio 1962). Inasmuch as each of these cases turns upon its own facts, it would seem to serve no useful purposes to discuss these cases in detail herein. Suffice it to say that each of these cases is factually distinguishable from the instant case.

Based upon the foregoing, we hold that the options at issue did not have a readily ascertainable value at the time of their grant on September 2, 1958.
Issue 3. Tax Consequences at Date ofExercise
Subparagraph (1) of section 1.421-6(d), Income Tax Regs., sets forth the general rule that where, as here, an option doesnothave a readily ascertainable value at the time of grant, the employee realizes compensation at the time he acquires an unconditional right to receivePage 95the property subject to the option. The regulations further provide that for purposes of paragraph (d) such an unconditional right shall not be deemed to have been acquired before the date of exercise. Under the facts of this case, petitioner had an unconditional right to receive and did in fact receive the optioned stock at the time of exercise. Thus, unless petitioner is able to bring the instant case within the province of an exception to this general rule, the stock he received upon exercise is taxable to him as compensation income on the date of exercise.

In an attempt to qualify for such an exception, petitioner advances the position that the underlying stock he received through exercise of the options was subject to restrictions which had a significant effect upon its fair market value, citingIra Hirsch,51 T.C. 121(1968). As a result of such restrictions, he contends that taxation should be postponed beyond the exercise date in accordance with the following provision of section 1.421-6(d)(2)(i) of the regulations:

(2) (i) If the option is exercised by the person to whom it was granted but, at the time an unconditional right to receive the property subject to the option is acquired by such person, such property is subject to a restriction which has a significant effect on its value, the employee realizes compensation at the time such restriction lapses or at the time the property is sold or exchanged, in an arm's length transaction, whichever occurs earlier, * * *

InIra Hirsch, supra,we held that unregistered stock received by a taxpayer-employee upon exercise of a compensatory stock option, which was covered by an investment letter agreement not to resell for 6 months, was subject to restrictions having a significant effect upon value within the meaning of the above-quoted regulation. According to testimony given during theHirschtrial, sale of the restricted stock was possible through a private placement or through an intrastate sale, but such a sale would result in a minimum discount of 20 to 50 percent from the fair market value of outstandingregistered and unrestrictedstock.

Petitioner argues that testimony which Inbusch gave in response to questions regarding the fair market value of petitioner's stock on the exercise date fits the mold of theHirschcase, and that the rule invoked therein is equally applicable to the instant case. Inbusch testified that petitioner would sustain a discount in any attempt to market his stock as a result of the following factors: (1) Petitioner's holdings of MGIC stock were quite large after exercise; (2) such stock was not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (hereinafter referred to as the SEC); (3) petitioner as an insider could dispose of only limited amounts within a 6-month period; (4) registration of petitioner's shares with the SEC would be prohibitively expensive, and was probably not possible anyway since the company was new and highly speculative, and a public offering would appear to the investing publicPage 96to be a bail out by one of the company's organizers; (5) a private placement would be difficult due to cautious buying as a result of the recent rapid runup of the price on essentially isolated transactions, and because prospective purchasers would have to consent to "investment letter" restrictions.

Petitioner raises this argument for the first time on brief. Moreover, we note that this contention is inconsistent with his position that at the time of grant the "option or the property subject to the option" was not subject to any restriction having a significant effect upon the fair market value of such option or property as prescribed in condition (c) of section 1.421-6(c)(3)(i) of the regulations.

However this may be, we do not find theHirschdoctrine to be controlling in the instant case. Unlike the taxpayer inHirsch,petitioner acquired freely transferable stock which was not subject to investment letter restrictions. Furthermore, inHirschthe Court was comparing the taxpayer's unregistered shares to outstanding registered shares. In this case, approximately 83 percent of the outstanding stock was not registered with the SEC and the remainder was subject to investment letter restrictions. Thus, in the marketplace petitioner's stock would not be considered inferior to the outstanding shares, and there would not be a discount based upon dissimilarity of petitioner's shares from those outstanding as was the case inHirsch.

Likewise, we find no merit in petitioner's reliance upon Inbusch's testimony, which petitioner has taken out of context and attempted to force into the mold of theHirschrationale. We need not pass upon petitioner's allusion to the insider short-swing profit rule (Rule 16(b), Securities and Exchange Act of 1934) since that rule does not apply to sales by insiders of exempted securities. As will be further explained later, we believe petitioner could have disposed of his MGIC stock through exempted intrastate and private placement transactions. The fact that petitioner's holdings were large would not appear to constitute in and of itself a "restriction" upon the marketability of petitioner's stock within the intendment of the regulations but merely a factor to be considered in determining the market value of such stock. The same can be said with respect to Inbusch's testimony concerning the impact that the rapid price fluctuations and private-sale restrictions could have upon prospective purchasers of MGIC stock. We shall therefore reserve our comments upon Inbusch's testimony for our discussion regarding the fair market value of petitioner's stock at date of exercise.

Petitioner next contends that imposition of a tax upon his exercise of the options would raise the constitutional objection that he is in the same economic position immediately after exercise as before. HePage 97citesEisnerv.Macomber,252 U.S. 189(1920), andMilesv.Safe Deposit Trust Co.,259 U.S. 247(1922), for the proposition that stock options, like stock dividends and stock rights, are not taxable because the taxpayer's economic position does not change. We find no merit in this argument. The Supreme Court inLoBue,in bringing to an end the distinction between proprietary and compensatory stock options, held that stock options confer a substantial economic benefit upon the taxpayer, which benefit is taxable as compensation for personal services under the sweeping provisions of section 22(a), I.R.C. 1939 (predecessor of sec. 61(a), I.R.C. 1954). Thus, the cases cited by petitioner have no application to the stock option area.

Based upon the foregoing, we hold that respondent correctly determined that date of exercise is the appropriate taxable event herein in accordance with the provisions of section 1.421-6(d), Income Tax Regs.
Issue 4. Fair Market Value of the Stockat Date of Exercise
Having established that date of exercise constitutes the appropriate taxable event, there yet remains for our decision the amount of compensation income realized by petitioner at the time of exercise.

The amount of such compensation income is measured by "the difference between the amount payable for the property and the fair market value of the property" at the time of exercise. Sec. 1.421-6(d)(1), Income Tax Regs. There is no dispute regarding the former amount. The parties have stipulated that petitioner paid the total option price of $52,500 for the MGIC and GIAI stock received upon exercise of the options. However, considerable disparity exists between the parties with respect to the latter amount. Respondent made a determination in his statutory notice that the fair market value of the stock at issue on the exercise date was $21.90 per adjusted share; whereas, petitioner takes the position that the fair market value of the stock on that date did not exceed $11 or $12 per adjusted share.

Thus, it is our task to determine the fair market value of the MGIC and GIAI stock received by petitioner on September 28, 1960 (the date of exercise). This is a factual question to be determined from a consideration of all the facts and circumstances of the instant case.LeVantv.Commissioner,376 F.2d 434,442(C.A. 7, 1967), affirming in part and reversing in part45 T.C. 185(1965).

In support of his determination of a per share price of $21.90, respondent relies almost exclusively upon the selling price of MGIC units between third parties on or about the exercise date, and he argues that such selling prices constitute the best evidence of the fair market value of the stock at issue, citingFitts' Estatev.Commissioner,Page 98237 F.2d 729(C.A. 8, 1956), affirming a Memorandum Opinion of this Court;Estate of Leonard B. McKitterick,42 B.T.A. 130(1940);Zerweck Jewelry Co.,a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; and section 20.2031-2(b), Estate Tax Regs. The record herein does contain the ledger account of Marshall J. Palakow with Bache Co., a brokerage firm, showing sales of 73 units of MGIC stock on September 13 and 14 of 1960 at the price of $1,000 per unit or an adjusted per share price of $21.74 (after all stock splits). The record also reflects two transactions on September 16, 1960 (12 days prior to the exercise date), wherein Marshall J. Palokow transferred 60 units of MGIC (240 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 60 shares of GIAI, $5 par value) to Gerald Friedman, and an additional 25 units (100 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 25 shares of GIAI, $5 par value) to Milton Soref, both transactions occurring at the per share price of $21.66 (adjusted for all stock splits). Also in the record before us is the ledger account of Fredric L. Gale at Bache Co. indicating sales on September 30, 1960 (2 days after date of exercise), of 70 units of MGIC at $1,050 per unit, or $22.83 per adjusted share (after all stock splits). Finally, the record shows that the price of MGIC stock was first quoted in the "Milwaukee Sentinel" on October 20, 1960, at a bid price of 26 and asked price of 28, and that the price declined through the end of that month to a bid of 23 1/2 and an asked price of 25 1/2.

While the foregoing selling prices are obviously relevant to a determination of the fair market value of the stock at issue, we do not feel that sole reliance should be placed upon such relatively isolated prices to the exclusion of other important evidence of record. The authority cited by respondent for the proposition that selling price is the best evidence of fair market value of the stock is predicated upon the existence of an active market in the stock to be valued. Such is not the case herein. The stock involved herein was not listed on any stock exchange, and bid and asked quotations for such stock did not become available until the "Milwaukee Sentinel" first published same approximately 3 weeks after the exercise date. Moreover, insofar as the record shows, only a limited number of transactions in MGIC units took place among third parties on or around the exercise date. For example, as of the date of exercise, a total of 111,284 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 27,289 shares of GIAI, $5 par value, were issued and outstanding. However, the record shows that during the entire month of September 1960 there were 68 transactions between third parties involving the sale of only 738 units of MGIC (2,952 shares of MGIC, $10 par value, and 738 shares of GIAI, $5 par value) with the prices for only a few of these transactions being available.Page 99

These sales of small lots of MGIC units do not by themselves conclusively establish the fair market value of the 800 units of MGIC stock received by petitioner on the exercise date.Robertsonv.Routzahn,75 F.2d 537,539(C.A. 6, 1935), affirming1 F. Supp. 355(N.D. Ohio 1932). Where an open and active market for the stock to be valued is lacking, it becomes necessary to consider other factors bearing upon the question of fair market value. As the court said inHelveringv.Maytag,125 F.2d 55,63(C.A. 8, 1942):

Where, as in this case, the taxpayer affirmatively shows that a block of listed stock to be valued is very great in comparison with the amounts of the stock which have been traded in on the exchange where it is listed, that the block of stock could not be sold on such market at its quoted prices within a reasonable time by skilled brokers following prudent practices for liquidation and that the true value of the block of stock is in fact different from the price quotations, then the taxpayer is entitled to have all other proper evidence of the value of the block of stock considered together with the market quotations.

Petitioner's expert (Inbusch) did consider factors in addition to selling price, and in so doing, reached the conclusion that the stock received by petitioner had a fair market value on the date of exercise in the amount of $11 or $12. In his explanation of this fair market value determination, Inbusch stated that any attempt by petitioner to sell the stock he received at exercise would result in a discount for a variety of previously enumerated reasons; i.e., petitioner's large holdings; stock was not registered with SEC; petitioner was insider; registration would be expensive and impractical; and private placement would be difficult.

There is merit in Inbusch's testimony when considered, as it was intended, in the context of the fair market value determination involved herein. Indeed, respondent's own expert witness (Lorie) stated that, without endorsing petitioner's precise valuation of $11 or $12 per adjusted share, he agreed with his conclusion that petitioner would have to sell the stock at a discount. In determining the fair market value of the stock at issue, we have accorded considerable weight to Inbusch's testimony. Nevertheless, we cannot accept Inbusch's exact fair market value determination because we feel that he has exaggerated the difficulty petitioner would encounter in marketing his stock and has failed to consider certain countervailing evidence tending to minimize the discount petitioner would sustain.

Inbusch apparently failed to consider the possibility that petitioner would be able to effect intrastate sales of the stock. The stock was apparently registered with the State of Wisconsin, and there was demand for such stock in the Milwaukee area as evidenced by the bid and asked quotations appearing in the "Milwaukee Sentinel" approximately 3 weeks after the exercise date. The record confirmsPage 100that the transactions in MGIC stock were more frequent on or around the exercise date than at any previous time. Moreover, at least one firm, Bache Co., was acting as a stockbroker for MGIC stock in September 1960. Thus, even though the 800 units of MGIC stock received upon exercise by petitioner was large in relation to the volume of MGIC stock traded between third parties (738 units during September 1960), we believe he could have minimized any resulting discount by means of an orderly liquidation of his shares through private placements and intrastate sales carried out by skilled brokers.

Based upon the foregoing, and using our best judgment after a thorough consideration of all of the evidence of record, we find the fair market value of the stock received by petitioner on September 28, 1960, to be $18.50 per adjusted share. Accordingly,Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
  1. Sales transaction took place on June 21, 1957, by payment of check drawn on checking account of Marshal J. Palakow in the amount of $18,900. ↩
  2. Selling price per share computed on basis of number of shares held prior to 4-for-1 split. ↩
  3. These prices not available. ↩
  4. Unless otherwise designated, all future statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. ↩
  5. The stipulated exhibits from which these figures are derived reflect some minor mathematical errors but it is assumed that the above-cited profit and loss figures are substantially correct. ↩
  6. This assumes that following exercise of the option, the stock would be a capital asset in petitioner's hands. The record does not reveal anything to the contrary, and the parties do not contend otherwise. ↩
  7. Sec. 1.61-15, Income Tax Regs., which was added to the regulations subsequent to the years at issue makes the rules contained in sec. 1.421-6 of such regulations applicable to options granted certain nonemployees after July 11, 1963. ↩
  8. We observe that the option agreements of Sept. 2, 1958, contain a recital that the 1958 options were granted "in consideration of the sum of One Dollar ($1.00) and other good and valuable consideration, particularly by reason of Frank's [petitioner's] organizational and promotional activity." The "other good and valuable consideration" surely must include his substantial services as an officer of both corporations. ↩
  9. Two of the expert witnesses appearing in this case were in agreement that the original option had no ascertainable value at the date of grant on Sept. 1, 1956. The third expert did not testify on this point. MGIC and GIAI were not even in existence on this date. Therefore, the remaining discussion will be concerned only with the options granted on Sept. 2, 1958. ↩
  10. According to Inbusch's testimony, this option value is equivalent to an adjusted per share price of approximately 55 cents compared with an adjusted per share price for MGIC stock of $1.56. These prices include adjustments for all stock splits and reorganizations occurring on or before Sept. 28, 1960. ↩
  11. Lorie testified that the market value of the stock, the option price, the duration of the option, and the prospects for the company were the factors pertinent to an evaluation of stock options. Similarly, Robinson considered the market price of the stock, the exercise price, the prospects for the company, and the marketability of its stock to be the factors upon which an evaluation of options should be made. ↩