Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
McChord v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad
McChord v. Louisville & Nashville R.R., 183 U.S. 483 (1902)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1902-01-06
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- “The fixing of rates is essentially legislative in its character, and the general rule is that legislative action cannot be interfered with by injunction.”
- “Kansas Governor, Laura Kelly, has become the latest to announce her intentions to legalize Marijuana . . . .”
- “‘It is legislative discretion which is exercised, and that discretion, whether rightfully or wrongfully exercised, is not subject to interference by the judiciary.’ ”
- challenging “state level laws that legalize marijuana”
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed McChord v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 46 opinions
Headnotes
- Remedies — Injunctions Against Enforcement of Statutes The mere fact that a duly enacted law is unconstitutional does not by itself entitle a party to relief by injunction against proceedings taken in compliance with it; equity jurisdiction must rest on grounds such as the absence of an adequate remedy at law for threatened consequences. 183 U.S. 483 (Fuller, C.J.)
- Remedies — Injunctions Against Legislative Action — Rate Regulation The fixing of rates is essentially legislative in character, and the general rule is that legislative action, including rate-making by a commission, cannot be interfered with by injunction; any alleged judicial character of the commission's determination goes only to the validity of the act, not to the availability of equitable relief. 183 U.S. 483
- Remedies — Ripeness — Anticipated Enforcement of Administrative Orders Where a statute charges a railroad commission with the duty of enforcing the rates it may fix, a challenge to the statute is premature before any rates have been fixed at all, and the alleged threatened consequences of enforcement cannot be set up as the basis for equitable interposition. 183 U.S. 483
- Statutory Interpretation — Implied Repeal Repeals by implication are not favored and are allowed only to the extent that repugnancy exists; where a new law is plainly in aid of the purposes of an earlier law, the earlier law is not abrogated except so far as there is palpable inconsistency, and the implication of an intention to repeal must necessarily flow from the language used. 183 U.S. 483 (quoting Wood v. United States, 16 Pet. 342, 362)
- Statutory Interpretation — Construction in Pari Materia General statutes and a later enactment that are parts of one system having the same general objects in view should be read together as in pari materia in determining their combined effect. 183 U.S. 483
McCHORDv. LOUISVILLE NASHVILLE R'D CO.,183 U.S. 483(1902)
22 S.Ct. 165
McCHORDv. LOUISVILLE, AND NASHVILLE RAILROAD COMPANY.
McCHORDv. LOUISVILLE, HENDERSON AND ST. LOUIS RAILWAY COMPANY.
McCHORDv. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILWAY COMPANY.
McCHORDv. SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY IN KENTUCKY.
McCHORDv. CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS AND TEXAS PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY.
APPEALS FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF
KENTUCKY.
Nos. 141, 142, 143, 144, 145.
Argued January 7, 8, 1901.
Decided January 6, 1902.
THESE are appeals from the final decrees of the Circuit Court
of the United States for the District of Kentucky, perpetually
Page 484
enjoining Charles C. McChord and others, railroad commissioners
of the State of Kentucky, from doing any of the things required
by, or from taking any action whatever against complainants under
a certain act of the general assembly of the Commonwealth of
Kentucky, approved March 10, 1900, c. 2, which is entitled and
reads as follows:
"An act to prevent railroad companies or corporations owning
and operating a line or lines of railroad and its officers,
agents, and employes from charging, collecting, or receiving
extortionate freight or passenger rates in this Commonwealth, and
to further increase and define the duties and powers of the
railroad commission in reference thereto, and prescribing the
manner of enforcing the provisions of this act and penalties for
the violation of its provisions.
"Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of
Kentucky:
"SEC. 1. When complaint shall be made to the railroad
commission accusing any railroad company or corporation of
charging, collecting or receiving extortionate freight or
passenger rates over its line or lines of railroad in this
Commonwealth, or when said commission shall receive information
or have reason to believe that such rate or rates are being
charged, collected or received, it shall be the duty of said
commission to hear and determine the matter as speedily as
possible. They shall give the company or corporation complained
of not less than ten days' notice, by letter mailed to an officer
or employ of said company or corporation, stating the time and
place of the hearing of same; also the nature of the complaint or
matter to be investigated, and shall hear such statements,
arguments or evidence offered by the parties as the commission
may deem relevant; and should the commission determine that the
company or corporation is, or has been, guilty of extortion, said
commission shall make and fix a just and reasonable rate, toll or
compensation which said railroad company or corporation may
charge, collect or receive for like services thereafter rendered.
The rate, toll or compensation so fixed by the commission shall
be entered and be an order on the record book of their office and
signed by the commission, and a copy thereof
Page 485
mailed to an officer, agent or employe of the railroad company or
corporation affected thereby, and shall be in full force and
effect at the expiration of ten days thereafter, and may be
revoked or modified by an order likewise entered of record. And
should said railroad company or corporation, or any officer,
agent or employe thereof charge, collect or receive a greater or
higher rate, toll or compensation, for like services thereafter
rendered than that made and fixed by said commission, as herein
provided, said company or corporation, and said officer, agent or
employe shall each be deemed guilty of extortion, and upon
conviction, shall be fined for the first offence in any sum not
less than five hundred dollars nor more than one thousand
dollars, and upon a second conviction, in any sum not less than
one thousand dollars nor more than two thousand dollars, and for
third and succeeding convictions in any sum not less than two
thousand dollars nor more than five thousand dollars.
"SEC. 2. The circuit court of any county into or through which
the line or lines of road carrying such passenger or freight,
owned or operated by said railroad, and the Franklin circuit
court, shall have jurisdiction of the offence against the
railroad company or corporation offending, and the circuit court
of the county where such offence may be committed by said
officer, agent or employe, shall have jurisdiction in all
prosecutions against said officer, agent or employe.
"SEC. 3. Prosecutions under this act shall be by indictment.
"SEC. 4. All prosecutions under this act shall be commenced
within two years after the offence shall have been committed.
"SEC. 5. In making said investigation said commission may,
when deemed necessary, take the depositions of witnesses before
an examiner or notary public, whose fees shall be paid by the
State, and upon the certificate of the chairman of the
commission, approved by the governor, the auditor shall draw his
warrant upon the treasurer for its payment."
All the bills sought the same relief, and their averments,
excepting those in respect of alleged contracts with the State in
relation to rates set up in the bills of the Louisville and
Nashville Railroad Company and of the Cincinnati, New Orleans and
Texas Pacific Railway Company, were in substance the same.
Page 486
The act of March 10, 1900, was set out in full; its provisions
recapitulated; and complainants' view of the legal effect thereof
given. The third paragraph was: "All of your orator's rates
charged, collected or received within the State of Kentucky are
just and reasonable and have not been sufficient for many years
to give it a fair return upon the reasonable value of its
investment, notwithstanding it has at all times operated its
property with the strictest economy and in the most skillful
manner."
It was then averred that it was the duty of the railroad
commission to see that the laws relating to all railroads, except
street, were faithfully executed, and to exercise a general
supervision over the railroads of the State; that its functions
were administrative; that it was not established as a court; and
that under the state constitution it could not be permitted to
exercise judicial powers. That all common carriers were subject
only to the requirement that their rates should be just and
reasonable, and they were in case of controversy entitled to have
the judgment of the courts on that question, but that the act
referred to singled out railroad corporations and deprived them
of any opportunity to have a judicial determination of the
reasonableness of their rates when disputed; substituted the
non-judicial determination of the railroad commission; and
subjected them to penalties, there being no infliction of
penalties provided as to other common carriers. That if
defendants be permitted to proceed under the act, each
complainant "will be compelled to charge the rates fixed by them
without any opportunity for a judicial investigation and
determination as to their reasonableness, and it will thus be
deprived of the lawful use of its property and in substance and
effect of its property itself without due process of law, and
will also be denied the equal protection of the laws, in
violation of section 1 of article 14 of the amendments to the
Constitution of the United States."
It was further averred that the act was in conflict with
clause 3 of section 8 of article I of the Constitution of the
United States, giving Congress the exclusive power to regulate
commerce among the States, and with the acts of Congress in that
behalf.
Page 487
The bills then continued:
"And defendants have called for and obtained from your orator
a list of rates fixed and charged by it for transportation of
freight and passengers over its railroads in the State of
Kentucky for the purpose of considering whether or not they shall
be altered and reduced in accordance with the terms of said act,
and are giving it out in speeches and interviews that they intend
to proceed at once under said act, and unless restrained by the
order of this court defendants will proceed at once to hear and
determine complaints under said act, although the same is in
contravention of the Constitution of the United States in all the
particulars hereinabove set out, and is therefore null and void,
and will proceed thereupon to reduce your orator's rates to such
as they think your orator should charge, and will thereafter at
pleasure modify and still further reduce the rates so fixed, and
if your orator does not observe the rates so fixed, no matter how
unjustly and unreasonably low, your orator will be subjected to
innumerable prosecutions throughout the State of Kentucky for
failing to comply with such rates fixed in this unconstitutional
manner, and it will be subjected to innumerable suits by
consignors and consignees, who will claim the right to ship at
said rates so unconstitutionally fixed and to sue for any excess
they may be charged over said rates, though rightfully charged,
and at the same time all your orator's officers and agents and
servants, though perfectly innocent of any offence and though
merely assisting your orator to maintain its constitutional
rights, will be indicted, prosecuted, and heavily fined, to the
great demoralization of the public service which your orator is
bound to render, and so it is, unless said defendants are
restrained by the order of this court from proceeding under said
act, your orator's contract rights will be impaired, it will be
deprived of its property without due process of law, denied the
equal protection of the law, and subjected to great and
irreparable wrong and injury and to a vast multiplicity of the
prosecutions and actions in the courts of said State."
The cases were disposed of on demurrer.
The constitution of the State of Kentucky provided:
"§ 209. Railroad commission — Number — Qualifications —
Page 488
Powers — Election — Term of office — Removal of. — A commission
is hereby established, to be known as `The Railroad Commission,'
which shall be composed of three commissioners. During the
session of the general assembly which convenes in December,
eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and before the first day of
June, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, the governor shall
appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, said
three commissioners, one from each superior court district as now
established, and said appointees shall take their office at the
expiration of the terms of the present incumbents. The
commissioners so appointed shall continue in office during the
term of the present governor, and until their successors are
elected and qualified. At the regular election in eighteen
hundred and ninety-five, and every four years thereafter, the
commissioners shall be elected, one in each superior court
district, by the qualified voters thereof, at the same time and
for the same term as the governor. No person shall be eligible to
said office unless he be, at the time of his election, at least
thirty years of age, a citizen of Kentucky two years, and a
resident of the district from which he is chosen one year, next
preceding his election. Any vacancy in this office shall be
filled as provided in section one hundred and fifty-two of this
constitution. The general assembly may, from time to time, change
said districts so as to equalize the population thereof; and may,
if deemed expedient, require that the commissioners be all
elected by the qualified voters of the State at large. And if so
required, one commissioner shall be from each district. No person
in the service of any railroad or common carrier company or
corporation, or of any firm or association conducting business as
a common carrier, or in anywise pecuniarily interested in such
company, corporation, firm or association, or in the railroad
business, or as a common carrier, shall hold such office. The
powers and duties of the railroad commissioners shall be
regulated by law; and until otherwise provided by law, the
commission so created shall have the same powers and
jurisdiction, perform the same duties, be subject to the same
regulations, and receive the same compensation, as now conferred,
prescribed and allowed by law to the existing railroad
commissioners.
Page 489
The general assembly may, for cause, address any of said
commissioners out of office by similar proceedings as in the case
of judges of the Court of Appeals; and the general assembly shall
enact laws to prevent the nonfeasance and misfeasance in office
of said commissioners, and to impose proper penalties therefor."
"§ 218. Penalty for charging more for short than long haul —
Power of commission. — It shall be unlawful for any person or
corporation, owning or operating a railroad in this State, or any
common carrier, to charge or receive any greater compensation in
the aggregate for the transportation of passengers, or of
property of like kind, under substantially similar circumstances
and conditions, for a shorter than for a longer distance over the
same line, in the same direction, the shorter being included
within the longer distance; but this shall not be construed as
authorizing any common carrier, or person or corporation, owning
or operating a railroad in this State, to receive as great
compensation for a shorter as for a longer distance:Provided,
That upon application to the railroad commission, such common
carrier, or person, or corporation owning or operating a railroad
in this State, may, in special cases, after investigation by the
commission, be authorized to charge less for longer than for
shorter distances for the transportation of passengers, or
property; and the commission may, from time to time, prescribe
the extent to which such common carrier, or person or
corporation, owning or operating a railroad in this State, may be
relieved from the operations of this section."
The following are sections of the General Laws of Kentucky of
1894:
"§ 816. Extortion — what is. — If any railroad corporation
shall charge, collect or receive more than a just and reasonable
rate of toll or compensation for the transportation of passengers
or freight in this State, or for the use of any railroad car upon
its track, or upon any track it has control of, or the right to
use in this State, it shall be guilty of extortion.
"§ 817. Discrimination — what is. — If any corporation engaged
in operating a railroad in this State shall, directly or
indirectly, by any special rate, rebate, drawback or other
device,
Page 490
charge, demand, collect or receive from any person a greater or
less compensation for any service rendered in the transportation
of passengers or property than it charges, demands, collects or
receives from any other person for doing for him a like and
contemporaneous service in the transportation of a like kind of
traffic, it shall be deemed guilty of unjust discrimination.
"§ 818. Preference or advantage forbidden — Rules defining
same quantity of freight. — It shall be unlawful for any
corporation to make or give any undue or unreasonable preference
or advantage to any particular person or locality, or any
particular description of traffic, in any respect whatever, in
the transportation of a like kind of traffic; or to subject any
particular person, company, firm, corporation or locality, or any
particular description of traffic, to any undue or unreasonable
prejudice or disadvantage. . . .
"§ 819. Penalty in damages for extortion, discrimination,
preference — Jurisdiction — Duty of commission — Limitation. —
Any railroad corporation that shall be guilty of extortion or
unjust discrimination, or of giving to any person or locality, or
to any description of traffic, an undue or unreasonable
preference or advantage, shall, upon conviction, be fined for the
first offence in any sum not less than five hundred dollars nor
more than one thousand dollars; and, upon a second conviction, in
any sum not less than five hundred dollars nor more than two
thousand dollars; and, upon a third conviction, in any sum not
less than two thousand dollars nor more than five thousand
dollars. The circuit court of any county into or through which
the line of railroad may run, owned or operated by the
corporation alleged to be guilty as aforesaid, and the Franklin
circuit court, shall have jurisdiction of the offence, which
shall be prosecuted by indictment, or by action in the name of
the Commonwealth, upon information filed by the board of railroad
commissioners; and such railroad corporation shall also be liable
in damages to the party aggrieved to the amount of damages
sustained, together with cost of suit and reasonable attorneys'
fees to be fixed by the court. Indictments under this section
shall be made only upon the recommendation or request of the
railroad commission, filed in the court having jurisdiction of
the offence;
Page 491
and all prosecutions and actions under this law shall be
commenced within two years after the offence shall have been
committed, or the cause of action shall have accrued.
"§ 820. Long and short haul over same road — Penalty —
Jurisdiction of courts — Duty of commission. — If any person
owning or operating a railroad in this State, or any common
carrier, shall charge or receive any greater compensation in the
aggregate for the transportation of passengers or property of
like kind, under substantially similar circumstances and
conditions, for a shorter than for a longer distance, over the
same line in the same direction, the shorter being included
within the longer distance, such person shall, for each offence,
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined not less than one hundred
nor more than five hundred dollars, to be recovered by indictment
in the Franklin circuit court, or the circuit court of any county
into or through which the railroad or common carrier so violating
runs or carries on its business. Upon complaint made to the
railroad commission that any railroad or common carrier has
violated the provisions of this section, it shall be the duty of
the commission to investigate the grounds of complaint, and if,
after such investigation, the commission deems it proper to
exonerate the railroad or common carrier from the operation of
the provisions of this section, an order in writing to that
effect shall be made by the commission, and a copy thereof
delivered to the complainant and the railroad or common carrier,
and the same shall be published as a part of the report of the
commission; and after such order, the railroad or carrier shall
not be prosecuted or fined on account of the complaint made. If
the commission, after investigation, fails to exonerate the
railroad or carrier from the operation of the provisions of this
section, an order in writing to that effect shall be made by the
commission, and a copy thereof delivered to the complainant, and
the railroad or common carrier, and the same shall be published
as a part of the report of the commission; and after such order,
it shall be the duty of the commission to furnish a statement of
the facts, together with a copy of its order, to the grand jury
of any county, the circuit court of which has jurisdiction, in
order that the railroad company or carrier may be indicted for
the offence; and the commission
Page 492
shall use proper efforts to see that such company or carrier is
indicted and prosecuted.
"§ 821. Three commissioners — Duties. — There is established a
department in the state government to be known as the railroad
commission, which shall be composed of three commissioners, one
of whom shall act as chairman, and whose duty it shall be to see
that the laws relating to all railroads, except street, are
faithfully executed, and to exercise a general supervision over
the railroads of the State. Each of said commissioners is
authorized to administer oaths, and two of them shall constitute
a quorum."
"§ 826. Rates from foreign points to be examined by commission
— Duty of commission. — Said commission shall examine all through
freight rates from points out of this State to points into this
State; and whenever they find that a through rate charge into or
out of this State is excessive or unreasonable, or discriminating
in its nature, they shall call the attention of the railroad
officials in this State to the fact, and to urge them of the
propriety of changing such freight. And when such rates are not
changed, it shall be the duty of said commission to present the
facts to the Interstate Commerce Commission and appeal to it for
relief, and they shall receive upon application the services of
the attorney general of this State and into the condition,
management, and all other matters concerning the business of
railroads in this State, so far as the same pertain to the
relation of such railroads to the public, and whether such
railroad corporations, their officers and employes, comply with
the laws of the State; and whenever it shall come to their
knowledge, or they shall have reason to believe, that the laws
affecting railroad corporations in their business relations to
the public have been violated, they shall prosecute, or cause to
be prosecuted, the corporations or persons guilty of such
violation.
"§ 827. Examination of officers and employes by commission —
Penalty for contempt. — They shall have the power to examine,
under oath, any person, or the directors, officers, agents and
employes of any railroad corporation doing business in this
State, concerning the management of its affairs, and to obtain
information pursuant to this law; and shall have power to issue
Page 493
subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses, and to administer
oaths; and any person who shall neglect or refuse to obey the
process of subpoenas issued by said commission, or who, being in
attendance, shall refuse to testify, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished for
each offence by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more
than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not less than ten
nor more than fifty days, or both, in the discretion of the jury.
"§ 828. Penalty for failing to make required reports or
obstructing commission — Jurisdiction of courts. — Each officer,
agent or employe failing or refusing to make, under oath, any
report required by the commission within the time required, or
failing or refusing to answer fully, under oath, if required, any
inquiry propounded by the commission, or who shall, in any way,
hinder or obstruct the commission in the discharge of its duty,
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined for each
offence not less than five hundred nor more than one thousand
dollars; and it shall be the duty of the commission to prosecute
the person offending; and the Franklin circuit court, or the
circuit court of any county through which the railroad runs, the
officer, agent or employe of which has violated the provisions of
this section, shall have jurisdiction of such prosecution; and it
shall be the duty of the Commonwealth's attorney to prosecute all
indictments, actions and proceedings under this law.
"§ 829. Complaints against companies — Award of commission —
Proceedings upon. — The commission shall hear and determine
complaints under sections eight hundred and sixteen, eight
hundred and seventeen and eight hundred and eighteen. Such
complaints shall be made in writing, and they shall give the
company complained of not less than ten days' notice of the time
and place of the hearing of the same. They shall hear and reduce
to writing all the evidence adduced by the parties, and render
such award as may be proper. If the award of the commission be
not satisfied within ten days after the same is rendered, the
chairman shall file a copy of said award and the evidence heard,
in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of the county,
which, under the Code of Practice, would have jurisdiction
Page 494
of said controversy, and the clerk of said court shall enter the
same on the docket for trial; and summons shall be issued, as in
other cases, against the party against whom the award shall have
been rendered, requiring said party to appear in the court,
within the time allowed in ordinary cases, and show cause why
said award shall not be satisfied. If such party fails to appear,
judgment shall be rendered by default, and the same proceedings
had thereon as in other ordinary cases. If a trial is demanded
the case shall be tried, in all respects, as other ordinary cases
in which the same amount is involved, except that no evidence
shall be introduced by either party except that heard by the
commission, except such as the court shall be satisfied, by sworn
testimony, could not have been produced before the commission by
the exercise of reasonable diligence; the judgment and
proceedings thereon shall be the same as in other ordinary
cases."
Conceding that the mere fact that a duly enacted law is unconstitutional does not entitle a party to relief by injunction against proceedings in compliance therewith, it is contended that ground of equity jurisdiction existed here in the want ofPage 495adequate remedy by the ordinary processes of law for the threatened consequences of the exercise of the power to fix rates in multiplicity of suits and irreparable injury.
It is insisted that, according to the terms of the act, the order of the Commission fixing the rate, toll or compensation which the railroad companies may charge, is self-executing, and that no duty to enforce it is imposed on the Commission; that the companies are shut up by the act, to the final determination of the Commission that they have charged more than a just and reasonable rate, and that on the trial of indictments for failure to observe the rates made by the Commission, the courts cannot entertain any inquiry as to the reasonableness of the rates so fixed because such inquiry is unwarranted by the statute, and because such an investigation would be illusory and worthless. And that even if the question of constitutionality could be raised in defence, yet that if such order be permitted to be entered of record, and notified as provided, the companies, if they do not comply, will be at once exposed to innumerable prosecutions, and to financial ruin by the accumulation of penalties before a judicial decision as to the validity of the statute could be had, if it should then happen that the statute is upheld.
However all this may be, we think it is not to be doubted that these bills cannot be maintained if it appear that the Commission is charged with the duty of enforcing the orders it may enter fixing rates. The objection that before this is done, the Commission is required to exercise judicial functions in determining that the companies have charged or received more than a just and reasonable rate, goes to the validity of the act. The fixing of rates is essentially legislative in its character, and the general rule is that legislative action cannot be interfered with by injunction.
It is true that inStonev.Farmers' Loan Trust Company,116 U.S. 307, the suit was brought to enjoin the railroad commission of Mississippi from proceeding under the provisions of a certain statute therein mentioned against a railroad company, but the question of jurisdiction does not seem to have been raised. The case was considered on its merits and the bill directedPage 496to be dismissed. Mr. Chief Justice Waite, speaking for the court, among other things, said: "As yet the commissioners have done nothing. There is, certainly, much they may do in regulating charges within the State, which will not be in conflict with the Constitution of the United States. It is to be presumed they will always act within the limits of their constitutional authority. It will be time enough to consider what may be done to prevent it when they attempt to go beyond."
InNew Orleans Waterworks Co. v.New Orleans,164 U.S. 471,472, the general rule was stated and applied, and Mr. Justice Harlan, who delivered the opinion of the court, said: "We repeat that when the city council shall pass an ordinance that infringes the rights of the plaintiff, and is unconstitutional and void as impairing the obligation of its contract with the State, it will be time enough for equity to interfere, and, by injunction to prevent the execution of such ordinance. If the ordinances already passed are in derogation of the plaintiff's contract rights, their enforcement can be prevented by appropriate proceedings instituted directly against the parties who seek to have the benefit of them. This may involve the plaintiff in a multiplicity of actions. But that circumstance cannot justify any such decree as it asks."
The rule was also applied by Mr. Justice Field inAlpersv.San Francisco, 32 F. 503, where complainant sought an injunction to restrain the passage of an ordinance which he alleged would impair the obligation of a contract he had with the city. Mr. Justice Field said: "This no one will question as applied to the power of the legislature of the State. The suggestion of any such jurisdiction of the court over that body would not be entertained for a moment. The same exemption from judicial interference applies to all legislative bodies, so far as their legislative discretion extends. . . . The courts cannot in the one case forbid the passage of a law nor in the other the passage of a resolution, order or ordinance. If by either body, the legislature or the board of supervisors, an unconstitutional act be passed, its enforcement may be arrested. The parties seeking to execute the invalid act can be reached by the courts, while the legislative body of the State or of the municipality,Page 497in the exercise of its legislative discretion, is beyond their jurisdiction. The fact that in either case the legislative action threatened may be in disregard of constitutional restraints, and impair the obligation of a contract, as alleged in this case, does not affect the question. It is legislative discretion which is exercised, and that discretion, whether rightfully or wrongfully exercised, is not subject to interference by the judiciary."
InSouthern Pacific Companyv.Board of RailroadCommissioners, 78 F. 236, the law of California provided that the commissioners might "enforce their decisions and correct abuses through the medium of the courts;" and, in substance, that after the rate was made by the commission, a copy of the order should be served on the corporation affected thereby, and that twenty days thereafter the rate should take effect. A bill was filed before the twenty days had expired, and Mr. Justice McKenna, then Circuit Judge, held, that it was the duty of the commissioners to enforce the rate, and that an injunction would lie. The railroad commission had made an order reducing the grain rates of the company eight per cent, and had passed a resolution declaring that its general charges were twenty-five per cent too high, and that "this board proceed at once to adopt a revised schedule of rates in accordance herewith in order that the same may be in force before January 1, 1896." The court enjoined the enforcement of the eight per cent reduction, which had already been made, but declined to restrain the twenty-five per cent reduction, because no decisive action had been taken.
Reading the various sections of the General Statutes of Kentucky, set forth in the statement preceding this opinion, asin pari materiawith the act of March 10, 1900, which should be done since they are parts of one system, having the same general objects in view, we think it apparent that the duty devolves on the Commission to enforce the rates it may fix under the latter act. By section 816, extortion was defined to be charging more than a just and reasonable rate. Section 817 defined unjust discrimination, and section 818 forbade undue or unreasonable preference.
Section 819 denounced the same penalties on conviction ofPage 498the offence of extortion, or of unjust discrimination, or of unreasonable preference, and provided for prosecution by indictment, or by action in the name of the Commonwealth, on information filed by the board of railroad commissioners; that the railroad companies should be liable in damages to the party aggrieved; and also that prosecution by indictment should only be had on the recommendation or request of the railroad commission.
By section 829 the Commission was empowered to hear and determine complaints under sections eight hundred and sixteen, eight hundred and seventeen and eight hundred and eighteen, and to enforce their awards in the courts.
The duty was imposed on the Commission to initiate indictments under section 820 for charging greater compensation, in the aggregate, for a shorter than for a longer haul.
Section 821 made it the duty of the Commission to see that the laws relating to railroads should be faithfully executed, and to exercise a general supervision over the railroads of the State.
So that unless the act of March 10, 1900, operated to repeal the provisions of the prior law, by withdrawing from the Commission the duty of enforcing the rates it might fix, it was its duty so to do, and indictments were to be found at its instance.
Section 816 read thus: "If any railroad corporation shall charge, collect or receive more than a just and reasonable rate of toll or compensation for the transportation of passengers or freight in this State, or for the use of any railroad car upon its track, or upon any track it has control of, or the right to use in this State, it shall be guilty of extortion."
InLouisville Nashville Railroad Co. v.Commonwealth,99 Ky. 132, this section was considered. The court held that the section could not be enforced as a penal statute for want of certainty, and said:
"That this statute leaves uncertain what shall be deemed a `just and reasonable rate of toll or compensation,' cannot be denied, and that different juries might reach different conclusions, on the same testimony, as to whether or not an offence has been committed, must also be conceded.Page 499
"Thecriminalityof the carriers act, therefore, depends on the jury's view of the reasonableness of the rate charged; and this latter depends on many uncertain and complicated elements.
"That the corporation has fixed a rate which it considers will bring it only a fair return for its investment does not alter the nature of the act. Under this statute it is still a crime, though it cannot be known to be such until after an investigation by a jury, and then only in that particular case, as another jury may take a different view, and, holding the rate reasonable, find the same act not to constitute an offence. There is no standard whatever fixed by the statute, or attempted to be fixed, by which the carrier may regulate its conduct; and it seems clear to us to be utterly repugnant to our system of laws to punish a person for an act, the criminality of which depends, not on any standard erected by the law which may be known in advance, but on one erected by a jury. And especially so as that standard must be as variable and uncertain as the views of different juries may suggest, and as to which nothing can be known until after the commission of the crime."
The court referred to and quoted fromChicago, Burlington c.Railroadv.Jones,149 Ill. 361, andChicago c.Railroadv.The People,77 Ill. 443, in which it was held under a similar statute that the want of certainty in lack of reference to a standard under its first section was obviated by its eighth section providing for the making by the railroad and warehouse commissioners of schedules of reasonable and maximum rates, which, being done, the Supreme Court of Illinois said, "there will be a standard of what is fair and reasonable, and the statute can be conformed to and obeyed."
Such being the state of the law, the act of March 10, 1900, was passed.
The mischief to be cured in respect of extortion as defined by section 816 was the want of certainty, and the remedy provided was the fixing of the rates by the railroad commission.
In so providing, the act, while repeating many of the provisions of section 819, did, indeed, omit reference to an action by way of information, and to liability in damages, and it alsoPage 500omitted the provision that indictments should be made only on the recommendation or request of the railroad commission, but it does not, therefore, follow that it was the legislative intention, without any expression thereof in terms, to repeal so important a provision.
Was the provision repealed by necessary implication? "We say by necessary implication, for it is not sufficient to establish that subsequent laws cover some or even all of the cases provided for by it (the prior law); for they may be merely affirmative, or cumulative, or auxiliary." Story, J.,Woodv.United States, 16 Pet. 342, 362.
Repeals by implication are not favored, and are only allowed to the extent that repugnancy exists, and in order to give an act not clearly intended as a substitute for an earlier one, the effect of repealing it, the implication of the intention to do so must necessarily flow from the language used, bearing in mind the necessity and occasion of the law. And where it is plain that the new law is in aid of the purposes of the old law, the latter will not be held to be abrogated except so far as there is palpable inconsistency.
We do not think that it was intended to repeal the provision of section 819 requiring indictments to be found only on the recommendation or request of the Commission, and still less that it was intended to circumscribe in this particular the general duty of the Commission to see that the laws relating to railroads should be faithfully executed.
Dealing, as we are, with the statutes of Kentucky, we are gratified to find these views confirmed by the Court of Appeals of that Commonwealth inIllinois Central Railroad Companyv.Commonwealth, decided October 25, 1901, its opinion having been furnished us at the close of the argument, and since reported in 64 S.W. 975.
In that case the railroad company was indicted under section 820, and fined for charging more for a shorter than a longer haul. The indictment was returned before the railroad commission had determined whether the company should be exonerated as provided by that section. The judgment was reversed, and Hobson, J., speaking for the court, said:Page 501
"In the construction of statutes the cardinal aim of the court is to arrive at the intention of the legislature. The court will presume that the legislature meant something by all the provisions of the statute, and will endeavor to give them all a fair effect. If the legislature had intended indictments to be found for each offence, regardless of action by the railroad commission, we see no reason why the section might not have stopped with the first sentence defining the offense and providing for its punishment, for by the next section (821) it is made the duty of the Commission `to see that the laws relating to all railroads, except street, are faithfully executed;' and under this provision it would be the duty of the Commission to see to violations of the preceding section. . . . From the section as a whole it is clear that the legislature had in mind providing for the exoneration of the railroad from its provisions in proper cases and exempting the carrier from criminal liability to this extent. It therefore provided for an investigation by the railroad commission, a determination by it whether it deemed it proper to exonerate the railroad and for the enforcement of its decision by indictment by the grand jury in case the railroad was not exonerated. To allow the carrier to be indicated in advance of any action by the railroad commission under this section would be to deprive it of all opportunity for exoneration. The legislature had no such result in mind, but clearly aimed to secure to the carrier a hearing on this question.
"The long and short haul matter is only another form of undue discrimination and preference, which are provided for by section 819, and indictments under this section can only be had upon the recommendation of the railroad commission. This has been a settled legislative policy, as shown by the act of April 6, 1882, (see General Statutes, 1021,) which was in force at the time of the adoption of the constitution and the present statutes. In other words, the legislature has always acted upon the idea that the interests of the entire people of the State should be looked to in these matters, and that the railroad commission must first determine them before the grand juries of the State should find indictments."
The fourth section of the act of the general assembly ofPage 502Kentucky of April 6, 1882, (Acts, 1881, p. 66, c. 790,) entitled "An act to prevent extortion and discrimination in the transportation of freight and passengers by railroad corporations, and in aid of that purpose to establish a board of railroad commissioners, and define its powers and duties,"set forth in the edition of the Kentucky statutes of 1887, p. 1021, and referred to by the court, provided for the infliction of penalties on railroad companies convicted of extortion or unlawful discrimination, and that the offender should be "prosecuted by indictment or or by action in the name of the Commonwealth, upon information filed by the board of railroad commissioners;" and also that the companies should be liable in damages to the parties aggrieved. The act of March 10, 1900, does not appear to have been intended to change the settled legislative policy that indictments should be found on the recommendation of the Commission.
The result of these considerations is that the duty of enforcing its rates rests on the Commission and that none of the consequences alleged to be threatened can be set up as the basis of equity interposition before the rates are fixed at all. Whether after they are determined their enforcement can be restrained is a question not arising for decision on this record, and we are not called on to dispose of other contentions of grave importance, which were pressed in argument, as if now requiring adjudication.Decrees reversed and cases remanded to the Circuit Courtwith a direction to sustain the demurrers and dismiss the bills.Page 503