Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Lampasas v. Bell
Lampasas v. Bell, 180 U.S. 276 (1901)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1901-02-25
- Topic
- general
Mr. Justice McKenna delivered the opinion of the court. The principle and contention of the assignments of error, *282 which are based on.the Constitution of the United States, are expressed in the fourth assignment, as follows: “ The court erred in its last conclusion of facts, its conclusions of law, and the judgment rendered thereon because the organization formed in 1888 under and by virtue of which the tíonds; the coupons of which- are sued on, were issued, was not only voidable, but w'holly void, for the reason that such organization was attempted to be formed under the general laws of the State of Texas, with power to levy and collect taxes, which general ■laws of the State of Texas then in force- and embraced' in Title XVII of the lie vised Statutes of 1879, relating to the formation of municipal corporations, and the levy and collection of táxes thereby, were in violation of section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment tó the Constitution of the United States, in that the boundaries of such corporations were not' fixed by the legislature, nor do said statutes make any provisions by which said boundaries can be fixed by any tribunal or official before whom the residents of the territory proposed to be incorporated could be heard as to whether they should be included in or made subject to taxation in the proposed corporation.” The same claim was made in substantially the same words in the answer of the plaintiff in error in the court below, and the specific injury alleged was…
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Headnotes
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Direct Review from Circuit Court Under section 5 of the Judiciary Act of March 3, 1891, the Supreme Court has jurisdiction by direct appeal or writ of error from a circuit court where the constitution or law of a State is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States; however, the claim must be real and substantial, and a mere claim in words is not enough. 180 U.S. at 285–286
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Suits Arising Under the Constitution or Laws of the United States When a suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute or controversy as to the effect or construction of the Constitution or laws of the United States upon the determination of which the result depends, it is not a suit arising under the Constitution or laws; it must appear on the record, by a statement in legal and logical form such as is required in good pleading, that the suit really and substantially involves a dispute or controversy as to a right depending on the construction of the Constitution or some law or treaty of the United States before jurisdiction can be maintained on that ground. 180 U.S. at 285–286 (quoting Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Ann Arbor Railroad Co., 178 U.S. 239)
- Constitutional Law — Standing A court will not entertain an objection to the constitutionality of a statute made by a party whose rights the statute does not affect and who therefore has no legal interest in defeating it; the objection of unconstitutionality must be made by one having the right to make it, not by a stranger to its grievance. 180 U.S. at 287 (quoting Clark v. Kansas City, 176 U.S. 114, and Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, § 196)
- Constitutional Law — Due Process A municipal corporation that had no proprietary right or interest in the territory proposed to be incorporated, was exposed to no hazard of taxation without a hearing, and cannot stand in judgment for those who had such an interest or were put to such hazard, has no legal interest in a constitutional claim that residents of that territory were not given an opportunity to be heard whether they should be included in and made subject to taxation by the proposed corporation; its direct appeal raising that claim therefore does not present a real and substantial federal controversy. 180 U.S. at 287–288
LAMPASASv. BELL,180 U.S. 276(1901)
21 S.Ct. 368
LAMPASASv. BELL.
ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
TEXAS.
No. 115.
Argued December 3, 1900.
Decided February 11, 1901.
THIS suit was brought to recover the amount of certain unpaid
coupons for interest on "Lampasas City Water Work Bonds." The
main controversy on the merits depends upon whether the plaintiff
in error is the same municipal corporation which issued the bonds
or is its successor in liability. There are minor questions
turning upon the provisions of ordinances and the observance of
their requirements. Besides, a question under the Constitution of
the United States is claimed to have been raised
Page 277
in the Circuit Court by the plaintiff in error, and upon this is
based the right to bring the case here rather than take it to the
Circuit Court of Appeals. The facts are stipulated and are very
voluminous, but the view we take of the constitutional question
enables us to omit much detail.
The city of Lampasas was incorporated by special act of the
legislature in 1873, under the name of the "corporation of the
city of Lampasas," with boundaries containing an area of 553
acres. Its officers were to be elective, and consist of a mayor,
a board of aldermen of eight members, five of whom should
constitute a quorum. Their term of office was to be two years and
until their successors should be elected and qualify. The act
made no provisions for the dissolving of the corporation. The
city was given power to construct water works, impose and collect
taxes, not exceeding one per cent per annum, and to issue bonds
for public improvements.
Officers were elected, and the municipal government was
exercised by them from 1873 to 1876. In 1876 a mayor and aldermen
were elected who favored abolishing the municipal government.
They formally resolved to resign and did so, and abandoned their
offices. What municipal government, if any, existed between 1876
and 1883 the record does not show. It is, however, stipulated
that the city was the "county seat of Lampasas County and had a
population in 1876 of about 800; that until the year 1882 the
said town was without railroad facilities, when upon advent of a
railroad it began to grow rapidly, and by April, 1883, had a
population of about 4500 people with street railroad and other
improvements. About 1884 the population began to decline, and
continued to decline until about 1890." Until 1882 the business
part of the city was generally confined to the courthouse square
and to streets laid out from it and were within the territorial
limits as originally incorporated. In 1882 and afterwards
business houses were built outside of said limits but inside the
boundaries as incorporated in 1883, hereinafter mentioned, and
business has been transacted there since.
In February, 1883, under the provisions of the general laws of
Texas, Title XVII of the Revised Statutes, a petition of
Page 278
more than fifty qualified voters, living in and around the limits
of the city, was presented to the county judge who, in accordance
with the prayer thereof, ordered an election to determine whether
the persons living within the limits in the petition set out
should incorporate as a city of more than 1000 inhabitants. The
election was held, resulting in a majority vote for incorporation
— persons voting who lived inside and outside of the limits of
the special charter. Upon the return of the election the county
judge declared the result, and declared the city duly
incorporated within the limits petitioned for, which embraced
practically all of the lands within the special charter, and
extended nearly one half mile west, north and east thereof, to
and including the railroad depot — an area of 1495 acres.
A municipal government was organized with the officers
prescribed by the law — some of the aldermen residing outside of
the limits contained in the special charter — and exercised all
of the functions of a city of 1000 inhabitants organized under
the general laws of the State, without any one contesting or
disputing the validity of its lawful right to do so, until
November 4, 1889, when proceedings in the nature ofquo
warrantowere instituted to declare the incorporation of 1883
invalid on the ground that the special charter of 1873 had never
been repealed.
The suit was instituted without the direction of the attorney
general of the State or other executive officers, and without
making any of the creditors of the corporation parties. The
judgment of ouster was entered against the officers of the city,
which was affirmed on appeal by the Supreme Court of the State.
Largenv.Texas,76 Tex. 323[76 Tex. 323].
The ousted officers thereafter ceased to act, and, upon
authority of the county judge, officers were elected on the 22d
of March, 1890, as provided in the charter of 1873, and by
persons living within the limits defined by said charter, and the
mayor and aldermen so elected organized March 19, and on the 22d
by unanimous vote resolved to accept the provisions of "Title
XVII of the Revised Statutes of the State of Texas in lieu of the
charter granted by the legislature." A copy of the resolutions
was duly certified and recorded, as required by law,
Page 279
and the city at once assumed to act under the general charter
provided in Title XVII, and is now acting thereunder.
On December 26, 1890, there was added to the city by a vote of
the citizens of the added territory a greater part of the lands
west which were included within the limits of 1883, and one tier
of blocks additional and the city assumed, and has since
exercised jurisdiction over that part lying north and east of the
limits of 1873, and which was included within the limits of 1883.
The area added contained 428 acres, and embraced the greater part
of the residence property of the city outside of the original
charter limits of 1873. The property lying north and east of the
original limits, and not included within the incorporation of
1890, contains seventy-seven residence houses, occupied by
persons, ninety per cent of whom follow some kind of business
within the town as defined by the limits of 1873.
The books and papers of the city government under the charters
of 1873 and 1883 were lost, except the assessment rolls of 1889,
from which it appears that the assessed value of all lands within
the city limits of 1889 was $664,420, personal property about
$400,000, and that the assessment was divided as follows: As to
lands, no division being shown as to personal property, viz.,
within the limits of 1873, $452,444; within that part added in
December, 1890, $157,915; and within the parts north and east,
$68,970. The assessment roll also showed the names of 438 voters,
divided as follows: Old limits of 1873, 175; part added in
December, 1890, 167; parts north and east, 96.
In January, 1885, acting under the then charter, and not under
the charter of 1873, the city, in good faith, upon the demand of
the business men of the city for fire protection, and to furnish
water to the city, then having a population of 4500, determined
to build a system of water works, and to pay for the same by the
sale of bonds, and to this end, after full and fair discussion,
passed the ordinances under which the bonds in controversy were
issued.
The other facts relate to the passage of the ordinance
providing for the building of the water works for which the bonds
were issued; the advertisement of bids under the ordinance; the
inability of the city to get other than cash bids; the awarding, in
Page 280
consequence, of the contract to a bidder who was willing to build
a system for $40,000, whereas the actual cost of the work,
allowing nothing for profits to the contractor, was $26,276; the
location of the works, some portion being shown to be inside the
limits of the new incorporation, and some portion out side such
limits; the payment of interest on the bonds for 1889; the
decision of the city in 1892 by vote to take charge of the public
schools and maintain them, and in 1893 to build a school
building, and the issuing of bonds therefor amounting to $18,000,
bearing interest at six per cent, and by the proceeds of which a
school building was erected, it being believed and the fact
certified to the state comptroller that the city had no
outstanding bonds; the form of the bonds and their indorsements,
and the formalities of their execution, and what appeared as to
their registration in the office of the state comptroller, and
what appeared as to the assessed value of the property of the
city.
It was also stipulated that the defendant in error is the
owner and holder of 102 coupons, each for the sum of $35,
maturing at different dates, which coupons except as to due date
and number of bond are of the following form:
"$35. The City of Lampasas $35.
will pay the bearer thirty-five dollars at the office of S.M.
Swenson Son, in the city of New York, or at the treasurer's
office, in the city of Lampasas, on the 1st day of ____, 189_,
being six months' interest on bond No. ___.
"S.S. POTTS,Secretary."
And it was further stipulated that of those coupons,
"forty-two in number, being numbers 9 to 15, inclusive, on bonds
Nos. 8 to 13, inclusive, became due more than four years before
the institution of this suit, and if plaintiff is entitled to
recover in this action he is entitled to recover the sum of $2100
principal and $452.70 interest, due on the remaining sixty
coupons mentioned in his petition."
From the facts the Circuit Court found the following:
"That within the city of Lampasas, as now organized and as it
has existed since 1890, there is embraced substantially all of
the persons and property embraced within the limits of said city
Page 281
as it existed under the charter adopted in 1883 by vote of the
people, and which was recognized and acted upon by them as a
valid city government from its adoption until thequo warranto
proceedings against Largen and his associate officers in 1889,
during which time the officers assuming to act as officers under
said general charter were elected in good faith by all persons
residing within the limits of the charter of 1883, and as such
officers in good faith discharged the duties of their respective
offices without dispute by any person residing within the
restricted limits of the charter of 1873 or by persons living
outside of the same."
And as conclusions of law found:
"1. The coupons in suit constitute a valid and existing
liability against the present city of Lampasas, except that
coupons Nos. 9 to 15, inclusive, being 42 in number, are barred
by the statute of limitation, and the remaining 60 coupons sued
upon, not being barred by the statute, are valid, and the
defendant should be required to pay the same.Shapleighv.San
Angelo,167 U.S. 646;City of Lampasasv.Talcott, decided
by Circuit Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, on the ___ day of
____, 18__.
"2. Judgment is therefore rendered in favor of the plaintiff
against the defendant, the city of Lampasas, for the sum of
$2552.70, with interest thereon, at the rate of six per cent per
annum, from the date hereof, and all costs of suit. To the
judgment rendered and the additional conclusion of fact the
defendant in open court excepts."
The Circuit Court then allowed this writ of error.
"The court erred in its last conclusion of facts, its conclusions of law, and the judgment rendered thereon because the organization formed in 1883 under and by virtue of which the bonds, the coupons of which are sued on, were issued, was not only voidable, but wholly void, for the reason that such organization was attempted to be formed under the general laws of the State of Texas, with power to levy and collect taxes, which general laws of the State of Texas then in force and embraced in Title XVII of the Revised Statutes of 1879, relating to the formation of municipal corporations, and the levy and collection of taxes thereby, were in violation of section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, in that the boundaries of such corporations were not fixed by the legislature, nor do said statutes make any provisions by which said boundaries can be fixed by any tribunal or official before whom the residents of the territory proposed to be incorporated could be heard as to whether they should be included in or made subject to taxation in the proposed corporation."
The same claim was made in substantially the same words in the answer of the plaintiff in error in the court below, and the specific injury alleged was "that the taxpayers residing within the boundaries fixed by said act of 1873 will be required to pay more than one half of the principal and interest due and to become due on said bonds, whereby they will be deprived of their property without due process of law."
This court has only jurisdiction by appeal or writ of error directly from the Circuit Court in certain cases, one of which is when "the Constitution or law of a State is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 5 of the Judiciary Act of March 3, 1891, c. 517,26 Stat. 826, 828. But the claim must be real and substantial. A mere claim in words is not enough. We said by the Chief Justice inWestern UnionTelegraph Co. v.Ann Arbor Railroad,178 U.S. 239: "When a suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute or controversy as to the effect or construction of the Constitution or laws of the United States, upon the determinationPage 283of which the result depends, it is not a suit arising under the Constitution or laws. And it must appear on the record, by a statement in legal and logical form, such as is required in good pleading, that the suit is one which does really and substantially involve a dispute or controversy as to a right which depends on the construction of the Constitution or some law or treaty of the United States, before jurisdiction can be maintained on this ground.Gold Washing Water Co. v.Keyes,96 U.S. 199;Blackburnv.Portland Gold Mining Co.,175 U.S. 571."
It is contended that the residents of the territory incorporated in 1883, were not given an opportunity to be heard "whether they should or should not be included in or made subject to taxation in the proposed corporation." It is hence deduced that the incorporation of 1883 was wholly void and in consequence the bonds sued on were also wholly void, because the law of the State under which the incorporation was made, to wit, Title 17 of the Revised Statutes of 1879, relating to the formation of municipal corporations, and the levy and collection of taxes thereby, was in violation of section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. But what concern is it of the plaintiff in error whether the residents of such territory were or were not given an opportunity to be heard? It had no proprietary right or interest in "territory proposed to be incorporated;"itwas put to no hazard of taxation without a hearing, nor can it stand in judgment for those who had such interest or were put to such hazard. It was certainly the right of the residents of the territory to submit to incorporation and accept its burdens and its benefits. And the record shows that there was no question of its validity for six years. When questioned it was not on the ground that it was incorporated under an unconstitutional statute — not on the ground that it was imposed without a hearing on unwilling subjects — but on the ground that the prior incorporation of 1873 had not ceased to exist.
We said inClarkv.Kansas City,176 U.S. 114, (quoting from Cooley's Constitutional Limitations, section 196,) that "`a court will not listen to an objection made to the constitutionality of an act by a party whose rights it does not affect, andPage 284who has therefore no interest in defeating it.'" That is, a legal interest in defeating it. The objection of unconstitutionality of a statute must be made by one having the right to make it, not by a stranger to its grievance. "To this extent only is it necessary to go, in order to secure and protect the rights of all persons, against the unwarranted exercise of legislative power, and to this extent only, therefore, are courts of justice called on to interpose."Wellington, Petitioner, 16 Pick. 87, 96.
It follows necessarily that the plaintiff in error has no legal interest in the constitutional question which it raised, and upon which it claims the right to come directly to this court from the Circuit Court under section 5 of the act of 1891,supra. To permit it to come here directly from the Circuit Court would make a precedent which would lead to the destruction of the statute. We repeat, the questions which can be raised under any of the subdivisions of section 5 of the act must be real, the controversies they present must be substantial, not only from the nature of the principles invoked, but from the relation of the party to them by whom they are invoked.Writ of error dismissed.