Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Southern Railway Co. v. Carson
S. Ry. Co. v. Carson, 194 U.S. 136 (1904)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1904-04-18
- Topic
- general
Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court. . This case comes before us on motions-to dismiss or affirm. There was certainly color for the motion to dismiss as we retain jurisdiction with hesitation, and we will dispose of the case on the motion to affirm. By some of the many exceptions preserved on the trial and disposed of by the state Supreme Court, it was sought to raise Federal questions in respect of the' acts of Congress (1) providing for the removal of. cases from a-state court to a court of the United States, and (2) providing that railroad companies engaged in interstate commerce shall equip their cars with automatic couplers. 1; The railway company did not at. any time apply for the removal of the.case to the Circuit Court: Plaintiff below and the company’s two co-défendants. were citizens of the same State, and the railway company did not make application to *138 remove before trial on the ground of separable controversy or want of good faith in the joinder.
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Southern Railway Co. v. Carson. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 35 opinions
Headnotes
- Civil Procedure — Removal A defendant in a joint tort action who never applies for removal to federal court cannot rely on an alleged right of removal as a defense to the action on the merits in state court; the right of removal depends on the act of Congress, and where the defendant made no effort to assert it, the failure to remove furnishes no ground for relief from an adverse judgment. 194 U.S. at 141–142
- Civil Procedure — Removal An action of tort that might have been brought against many persons or any one or more of them, but is brought in state court against all jointly, contains no separate controversy authorizing removal by some defendants to federal court, even if those defendants file separate answers, set up different defenses, allege they are not jointly liable, and contend their controversy with the plaintiff is separate; a defendant has no right to say an action shall be several which the plaintiff seeks to make joint, and the cause of action is the subject matter of the controversy for all purposes of the suit. 194 U.S. at 142–143
- Torts — Joint Liability of Master and Servant A master and servant are jointly liable as joint tortfeasors for the tort of the servant committed within the scope of his employment and while in the master's service; the objection that joint liability precludes the master from seeking contribution from the servant is without merit, because as between them the servant alone is the wrongdoer, and the master's claim for indemnity rests on the servant's own misfeasance, not on any default of the master. 194 U.S. at 143–144
- Transportation Law — Safety Appliance Act — Automatic Couplers Under the Act of March 2, 1893, requiring common carriers engaged in interstate commerce to equip cars used in moving interstate traffic with couplers coupling automatically by impact and uncouplable without men going between the cars, the duty encompasses keeping automatic couplers in proper repair for use; a carrier's failure to maintain the required equipment in good and suitable order is negligence, and trial instructions to that effect neither misstate the Act nor deny any right claimed under it where the questions whether the cars were used in interstate traffic and whether the appliances were defective were left to the jury and resolved by verdict. 194 U.S. at 144–145
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Review of State Judgments — Federal Question A federal question is not presented for review under § 709, Rev. Stat., where the railroad company did not specifically set up or claim any right under the Act of March 2, 1893, or dependent on its construction, and no such right was denied by the state courts; instructions concerning the care owed in maintaining appliances, and objections on various aspects of the case, do not raise federal questions. 194 U.S. at 144–145
SOUTHERN RAILWAY CO.v. CARSON,194 U.S. 136(1904)
24 S.Ct. 609
SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANYv. CARSON.
ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
No. 546.
Submitted April 4, 1904.
Decided April 18, 1904.
CARSON, a resident of Greenville County, South Carolina,
brought this suit in the Court of Common Pleas of that county
against the Southern Railway Company, a corporation chartered
under the laws of the State of Virginia and engaged in running
trains through several States as a common carrier, and J.C.
Arwood and J.D. Miller, residents of Greenville County, to
recover damages for personal injuries, which, he charged in his
complaint, "were due to the joint and concurrent negligence,
carelessness and fault of the defendants, and to their joint and
concurrent recklessness, carelessness, willfulness and wanton
disregard of the plaintiff's rights and safety, in the following
manner, to wit:" — setting forth the circumstances of his cause
of action. Among other things, plaintiff alleged that he was a
flagman in the employment of the Southern Railway Company, and on
the day of the accident was ordered by Arwood, the conductor in
charge of a certain freight train, on which Miller was engineer,
to do the work of brakeman and to couple some of the cars in the
train; that these cars were provided with automatic couplers, but
one of them was not in proper condition, which rendered it
necessary for plaintiff to go between the cars to effect the
coupling; and that the accident
Page 137
thereupon happened by reason of defendants' "joint and concurrent
carelessness, negligence, recklessness," etc., in particulars
detailed.
Defendants severally demurred, the demurrers were overruled,
and defendants excepted. Defendants then answered severally, in
identical terms, denying all negligence on the part of
defendants, and asserting "that the plaintiff's alleged injury
was the result of his own negligence." Trial was had and the jury
found for plaintiff against the railway company, judgment was
entered, and the railway company appealed to the Supreme Court of
the State. That court affirmed the judgment,46 S.E. 525,
and thereupon this writ of error was allowed.
By some of the many exceptions preserved on the trial and disposed of by the state Supreme Court, it was sought to raise Federal questions in respect of the acts of Congress (1) providing for the removal of cases from a state court to a court of the United States, and (2) providing that railroad companies engaged in interstate commerce shall equip their cars with automatic couplers.
1. The railway company did not at any time apply for the removal of the case to the Circuit Court. Plaintiff below and the company's two co-defendants were citizens of the same State, and the railway company did not make application toPage 138remove before trial on the ground of separable controversy or want of good faith in the joinder. Nor did it make such application when plaintiff's evidence was in, nor on the whole evidence. There was no suggestion throughout the trial that the joinder was in itself improperly made, but the contention, as exhibited by the exceptions, was that a verdict could not be rendered against the company alone, because if it had been sued alone it would have had the right of removal. The trial court charged the jury that if the proof failed to show joint and concurrent negligence on the part of all the defendants, yet showed negligence on the part of one or more of them, resulting in injury to plaintiff, as the sole and proximate cause thereof, the jury might find a verdict against such defendant or defendants as the proof showed were guilty of such negligence; and to this instruction the railway company preserved an exception.
The railway company also excepted to the refusal of the court to give several instructions asked on its behalf to the effect that, as by the allegation of a joint and concurrent tort, the company had been deprived of the right to remove the cause, joint and concurrent tort must be made out against the company and at least one of the other defendants; that to allow plaintiff to recover without proof of joint and concurrent tort would deprive the company of the right of removal guaranteed by the Constitution and laws; and of its property without due process of law, in contravention of the Fourteenth Amendment, in that the company would be deprived of the right of reimbursement which would otherwise exist. But these are matters upon the merits, and recovery against one of several defendants does not depend on whether, if sued alone, that defendant might have removed the case. The right of removal depends on the act of Congress and the company not only on the face of the pleadings did not come within the act, but it made no effort to assert the right. The rule is well settled, as stated by Mr. Justice Gray inPowersv.Chesapeake Ohio Railway Company,169 U.S. 92, "that an action ofPage 139tort, which might have been brought against many persons or against any one or more of them, and which is brought in a state court against all jointly, contains no separate controversy which will authorize its removal by some of the defendants into the Circuit Court of the United States, even if they file separate answers and set up different defences from the other defendants, and allege that they are not jointly liable with them, and that their own controversy with the plaintiff is a separate one; for, as this court has often said, `a defendant has no right to say that an action shall be several which the plaintiff seeks to make joint. A separate defence may defeat a joint recovery, but it cannot deprive a plaintiff of his right to prosecute his suit to final decision in his own way. The cause of action is the subject-matter of the controversy, and that is, for all the purposes of the suit, whatever the plaintiff declares it to be in his pleadings.'"
The view thus expressed was reiterated inChesapeake OhioRailway Companyv.Dixon,179 U.S. 131, where the subject was much considered and cases cited. Reference was there made to the fact that many courts have held the identification of master and servant to be so complete that the liability of both may be enforced in the same action. And such is the law in South Carolina.Schumpertv.Southern Railway Company,65 S.C. 332. In that case it was held that under the state Code of Civil Procedure, in actionsex delicto, acts of negligence and willful tort might be commingled in one statement as causes of injury; that master and servant are jointly liable as joint tort feasors for the tort of the servant committed within the scope of his employment and while in the master's service; that the objection that if master and servant were made jointly liable for the negligence of the latter the master could not call on the servant for contribution, was without merit, as the rule was, as laid down by Mr. Cooley, (Torts, page 145,) that: "As between the company and its servant, the latter alone is the wrongdoer, and in calling upon him for indemnity, the company bases no claim upon its own misfeasance or default, butPage 140upon that of the servant himself." And seeGardnerv.RailwayCompany,65 S.C. 341. InRuckerv.Smoke,37 S.C. 377, andSkipperv.Clifton Man. Company,58 S.C. 143, it was decided that in actions such as this exemplary damages may be recovered. The suggestion that the State deprived the company of its property by the rulings of the Supreme Court calls for no remark.
2. The act of March 2, 1893,27 Stat. 531, c. 196, provided, in respect of common carriers engaged in interstate commerce, "that on and after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, it shall be unlawful for any such common carrier to haul or permit to be hauled or used on its line any car used in moving interstate traffic not equipped with couplers coupling automatically by impact, and which can be uncoupled without the necessity of men going between the ends of the cars." The trial court in one of its instructions set forth this provision, and told the jury that if they found the railway company was engaged, and these cars were being used, in interstate traffic, and that they were not equipped with the automatic couplers required, such failure was negligence; and it was further charged that railroads were required to keep their appliances in safe and suitable order. It is objected that the instructions assumed that if the automatic coupler was out of repair, the company failed to comply with the act of Congress, but we do not think so, and the Supreme Court of the State held that there was no error as Congress must have intended that the couplers should be kept in proper repair for use, and moreover, as such was the law of the State, even if the act of Congress had not specifically imposed this duty. By this ruling no right specifically set up or claimed under the act of Congress by defendant below was decided against. There was no pretense that the act of Congress provided that the automatic couplers need not be kept in order, and whether the cars in question were used in moving interstate traffic and whether the coupling appliances were defective or not, were facts left to the jury and determined by their verdict. The recoveryPage 141was not sought on the single ground of want of safe appliances. That was important in its connection with Carson's being ordered to go between the cars, and it was negligence while he was obeying that order, which was chiefly relied on. At all events, the company did not specifically set up or claim any right under the act of Congress or dependent on its construction which was denied by the state courts, and the question raised on these instructions and numerous others on various aspects of the case were not Federal questions, and need not be considered.Judgment affirmed.