Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Ex Parte Webb.
Ex Parte Webb., 225 U.S. 663 (1912)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1912-06-10
- Topic
- general
Mr. Justice Pitney, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court. The draftsman of the indictment evidently intended to charge the offense known as “introducing liquor into *671 the Indian country,”- made punishable by § 2139, Rev. Stat., as amended by act of July 23, 1892, 27 Stat. 260, c. 234, and by the “Act to prohibit the sale of intoxicating drinks to Indians,” etc., approved January 30, 1897, 29 Stat. 506, c. 109. The Circuit Court of Appeals in United States Express Company v.
Citator
Ex Parte Webb. has been questioned or limited by later authorities: relies on overruled authority: 16 S. Ct. 1076 (overruled by Herrera v. Wyoming (2019)). Read them before relying on it. 83 later decisions cite it.
- Authority status
- caution
- Cited by
- 83 opinions
Headnotes
- Native American Law — Federal Liquor Laws — Effect of Enabling Act An enabling act admitting a new State, followed by the adoption of the prescribed constitution and the admission of the State, remits to the state government the enforcement of laws respecting the manufacture and sale of liquor within the State, and to the extent the federal prohibition scheme covered the same field as a prior federal statute, that prior statute is impliedly repealed. 225 U.S. at 675–76
- Statutory Interpretation — Repeals by Implication Repeals by implication are not favored and will not be held to exist if there is any other reasonable construction; an act of Congress may repeal a prior treaty as it may repeal a prior statute, but the intention to do so will not be presumed absent a clear expression. 225 U.S. at 682–83
- Statutory Interpretation — Implied Repeal The Oklahoma Enabling Act did not repeal by implication the Act of 1895 insofar as it prohibited carrying intoxicating liquors from another State into that part of Oklahoma formerly constituting the Indian Territory, because the Enabling Act placed no obligation on the new State to prevent liquor from being brought in from other States and the United States had, through treaties and agreements with the Indian tribes, bound itself to maintain strict laws against the introduction of liquor. 225 U.S. at 676–86
- Constitutional Law — Indian Commerce Power Under Article I, § 8, of the Federal Constitution, Congress may regulate traffic and intercourse with an Indian tribe, or with a member of such a tribe, although it occurs within the limits of a State; and Congress has equal power to maintain an existing law on such traffic in force in a newly admitted State as it has to enact new laws on the subject. 225 U.S. at 682–84
- Native American Law — Guardianship The Five Civilized Tribes, though long treated more liberally than other Indians, remain wards of the National Government and are in all respects subject to its control. 225 U.S. at 683–84
- Statutory Interpretation — Enabling Acts — Powers of Congress Where Congress, in an enabling act admitting a new State, includes legislation intended as a regulation of matters within the sphere of its constitutional powers—such as regulation of interstate commerce or commerce with Indian tribes—that legislation derives its force solely from the power of Congress over the subject matter, not from any agreement or compact with the new State or its acceptance of statehood, and does not restrict the State's legislative power over matters not plainly within Congress's regulating power. 225 U.S. at 687–88 (citing Coyle v. Smith, 221 U.S. 559, 574)
- Criminal Law & Procedure — Statutory Construction — Ambiguity While laws creating crimes ought to be explicit and ambiguous or uncertain penal statutes should be resolved in favor of the liberty of the citizen, a partial implied repeal leaves no ambiguity in the portion of a criminal statute that clearly and expressly remains in force. 225 U.S. at 686–87
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction — Indian Territory Liquor Offenses The United States District Court for the District of Oklahoma has jurisdiction to punish an offender under the Act of 1895 for carrying intoxicating liquor from without the new State into that part of it which was the Indian Territory, the Act of 1895 not having been repealed insofar as it applies to such interstate introduction. 225 U.S. at 688–89
EX PARTE WEBB.,225 U.S. 663(1912)
32 S.Ct. 769
EX PARTE CHARLEY WEBB, PETITIONER.
ON APPLICATION FOR HABEAS CORPUS AND CERTIORARI.
No. 11.
Original. Argued May 13, 1912.
Decided June 10, 1912.
THIS is an original application for a writ ofhabeas corpus
Page 665
to inquire into the arrest and detention of the petitioner, who
is held in custody by the United States Marshal for the Eastern
District of Oklahoma, under a capias or bench warrant issued out
of the United States District Court, upon an indictment of which
the following is a copy:
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Eastern District of Oklahoma, ss:
"In the District Court of the United States in and for
the Eastern District aforesaid, at the March Term thereof,
A.D. 1912, at Vinita, Oklahoma.
"The grand jurors of the United States, impaneled, sworn, and
charged at the term aforesaid of the court aforesaid, on their
oath present, that Otis Tittle and Charley Webb, and each of
them, on the 23rd day of January, in the year 1912, in the said
division of said district and within the jurisdiction of said
court in Craig County in the State of Oklahoma, the same then and
there being and constituting a portion of the Indian country of
the said United States, did at the time and place aforesaid
unlawfully, knowingly, wilfully and feloniously introduce, and
attempt to so introduce and carry into the said Indian country,
from without the said Indian country, seventeen gallons of
spirituous, ardent and intoxicating liquor, to wit: alcohol,
which said alcohol was by the said Otis Tittle and Charley Webb
and each of them so introduced and carried into that portion of
said Eastern District of Oklahoma so being then and there Indian
country as above set forth and described, contrary to the form of
the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace
and dignity of the United States."
Petitioner also applies for a writ of certiorari to review the
action of the District Court in refusing, onhabeas corpus, to
discharge him from custody under the bench warrant.
For present purposes it is admitted that petitioner is a
Page 666
white man, not of Indian blood; that the intoxicating liquors
described in the indictment were shipped on his order from the
city of Joplin, in the State of Missouri, by way of a railway
that is a common carrier of interstate shipments, consigned to
petitioner at the city of Vinita, in the State of Oklahoma; that
the same reached the latter city over said railway line in the
course of ordinary transportation at the time of the alleged
offense set forth in the indictment, to wit, January 23, 1912;
that said intoxicating liquors were delivered by the
transportation company to the petitioner within the city of
Vinita, and he received them upon a public street and highway and
not upon restricted land, for the purpose and with the intent of
carrying and transporting the liquors along the streets and
highways to another point within the same city, and that while he
was in the act of so receiving the same he was arrested. That the
city of Vinita is situate in Craig County, Oklahoma, which county
constitutes a part of what was formerly the Cherokee Nation; that
all the lands of the Cherokee Nation have been either allotted to
individual citizens of the Cherokee Tribe under the terms of the
Cherokee Agreement and the several acts of Congress providing for
the allotment of said lands, or sold by the United States for the
benefit of the citizens of the Cherokee Nation, either as town
sites or otherwise, under the authority of the several acts of
Congress providing therefor; that the city of Vinita, including
the place where the intoxicating liquor was delivered to and
received by the petitioner, is a part of the original town site
of Vinita, Indian Territory; and that the status of the lands and
of the enrolled members of the Cherokee Tribe of Indians are such
as are fixed by law.
The petitioner contends that the District Court is without
jurisdiction, because there is no existing law under which the
offense alleged against him is punishable in the Federal courts.
He claims that he is obliged to resort
Page 667
to this court for relief because the United States Circuit Court
of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit has decided the questions
involved, adversely to his contention, in the case ofUnited
States Express Co. v.Friedman, 191 F. 673.
The police provisions of the act of January 30, 1897, do not apply to Oklahoma since its admission into the Union. Their continued existence is inconsistent with the Oklahoma Enabling Act and the state constitution and laws expressly authorized thereby.Cherokee Tobacco, 11 Wall. 616;Matter of Heff,197 U.S. 488,505.
There is, therefore, a statute of the United States punishing the specific offense of selling liquor to an Indian, fixing a certain penalty to be enforced in the courts of the United States, followed by an enabling act creating a new sovereign state, prohibiting the sale of liquors to anybody, fixing a lesser penalty for the offense of selling, and placing the jurisdiction in the state courts. The two acts reveal an essential inconsistency which makes it impossible for both to remain in force, unless there can be a divided sovereignty. Every sale which would constitute a violation of the act of 1897 in this territory would also constitute a violation of the Enabling Act, punishable by the express provision of that act in the state courts.
If the contention of the Government is correct, the law is so framed that neither court nor layman can ascertain by reading it by whom and under what circumstances introduction of liquor is innocent or criminal. Laws which create crimes ought to be so explicit that all men subject to their penalties may know what act it is their duty to avoid.United Statesv.Sharp, Pet. C.C. 118;UnitedPage 668Statesv.Brewer,139 U.S. 278,288;The Enterprise, 8 Fed. Cases, No. 4449; Bishop on Statutory Crimes, § 41;ChicagoN.W. Ry. Co. v.Dey, 35 F. 866; Sutherland on Stat. Const., 1st ed., 438; Lord Aukland's Principles of Penal Law, 312.
The question whether the act of January 30, 1897, remained in force in that part of Oklahoma which was formerly Indian Territory after the admission of the States is one of statutory construction, the presumption being that it did not, because its continued existence implies inequality of statehood.UnitedStatesv.McBratney,104 U.S. 621;Draperv.UnitedStates,164 U.S. 240;Matter of Heff,197 U.S. 488;UnitedStatesv.Celestine,215 U.S. 278;United Statesv.Sutton,215 U.S. 291.
The place where the alleged offense was committed was not "Indian country" within the meaning of the act of January 30, 1897.Ex parte Crow Dog,109 U.S. 556;United Statesv.LeBris,121 U.S. 278;United Statesv.Four Bottles SourMash Whiskey, 90 F. 720;United Statesv.Knowlton, 3 Dakota, 58, 13 N.W. 573;Forty-three Cases Cognac Brandyc., 14 F. 539;United Statesv.Martin, 14 F. 817.
Petitioner is entitled to habeas corpus, and the writ should issue.Matter of Heff,197 U.S. 488;Ex parte Nielson,131 U.S. 176;In re Mayfield,141 U.S. 107;In re John Bonner,151 U.S. 242;Ex parte Albert Siebold,100 U.S. 371;In theMatter of Schneider,148 U.S. 162; May's U.S. Sup.Ct. Practice, 440.Mr. Assistant Attorney General Denison, with whomMr. LouisG. Bissellwas on the brief, for the United States:
The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit has ruled the point in controversy adversely to the petitioner (UnitedStates Express Co. v.Friedman, 191 F. 673, reversing 80 F. 1006).Page 669
The extinguishment of the Indian title to the particular lot in question did not remove it from the sphere of the Federal liquor laws, because the very treaties and statutes which authorized the extinguishment reserved the operation of those laws,32 Stat. 716;30 Stat. 495, 509;32 Stat. 641, 656;30 Stat. 567-8;31 Stat. 861, 872;32 Stat. 500, 504; and the case thus falls within the exception stated inBatesv.Clark,95 U.S. 204,208,209, andDickv.United States,208 U.S. 358; and within the principle ofUnited Statesv.43 Gallons ofWhiskey,93 U.S. 188,193,195,197;Ex parte Crow Dog,109 U.S. 556,561;United Statesv.Thomas,151 U.S. 577.
Notwithstanding the progress of piecemeal extinguishment of Indian land titles, Congress, in 1895, prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquors within all parts of the Indian Territory, and the introduction of liquors into said Territory (28 Stat. 697). And in 1907, Congress expressly continued the tribal existence of the Five Civilized Tribes (34 Stat. 822).
The case also differs fromBatesv.Clark, supra(reported below in 46 N.W. 510), in that it does not involve the blanket extinguishment of Indian title, accompanied by a withdrawal of the Indians and opening up of the lands to white settlement.United Statesv.Payne, 8 F. 888, 895; 22 Ops. A.G. 232. See alsoBusterv.Wright, 135 F. 947.
The mere creation of the State of Oklahoma did not in and of itself oust existing Federal laws in regard to the liquor traffic with Indians.United Statesv.43 Gallons of Whiskey,93 U.S. 188;Dickv.United States,208 U.S. 340;United Statesv.Holliday,70 U.S. 407;Hallowellv.United States,221 U.S. 317;Ex parte Crow Dog,109 U.S. 556,561;United Statesv.Thomas,151 U.S. 577.
The imposition upon the State by the Enabling Act of the purely intrastate duties to protect the Indians against the liquor traffic for the twenty-one years duringPage 670which such special protection was considered by Congress necessary, was within the power of the Federal Government as a part of its constitutional power over the intercourse with the Indians.Coylev.Oklahoma,221 U.S. 559. The imposition of these obligations upon the State was not repugnant to or in substitution for the existing law against interstate introduction of liquors into the Indian Territory, as the State would not have had the power to regulate interstate commerce (Leisyv.Hardin,135 U.S. 100;Rhodesv.Iowa,170 U.S. 412;Louisville Nashville R.R. Co. v.Cook Brewing Co.,223 U.S. 70), and as the continuance of that prohibition was essential for the protection of the Indians, there is no ground for implying an intention on the part of Congress to repeal the existing prohibition against the introduction of liquor from other States.Frostv.Wenie,157 U.S. 46;United Statesv.Celestine,215 U.S. 278.
The Enabling Act expressly reserved the authority of the government of the United States to make laws or regulations respecting such Indians, just as if the Enabling Act had never been passed (Tigerv.Western Co.,221 U.S. 309), and also it expressly continued the laws in force at the time of the admission of the State into the Union, except as modified or changed, and also all laws of the United States not locally inapplicable.
If the Federal laws no longer prevent the introduction of liquor into the Indian Territory from States other than Oklahoma, then the equality of Oklahoma with its sister States has been impaired, for its inhabitants alone, among all the States, are prevented from conducting that traffic with the old Indian Territory.
The Circuit Court of Appeals inUnited States ExpressCompanyv.Friedman, 191 F. 673, dealt with the question whether that portion of Oklahoma formerly known as the Indian Territory ceased to be "Indian country" upon the admission of Oklahoma as a State, so that these acts were no longer applicable, and with the question whether the admission of Oklahoma as a State had the effect of repealing them so far as pertained to the introduction of liquors into the Territory. Petitioner's application to this court for ahabeas corpuswas intended to bring that decision under review, and the agreed statement of facts was designedly so framed as to show the grounds of his contention that thelocus in quois no longer "Indian country."
The Government, however, in resisting the application, relied for support of the jurisdiction of the District Court not only upon the acts just referred to, but also upon § 8 of "An Act to provide for the appointment of additional judges of the United States court in the Indian Territory, and for other purposes," approved March 1, 1895,28 Stat. 693, c. 145.
The three enactments in question are set forth in chronological order in the margin.1Page 672
At the time of the passage of the act of 1895 the Territory known as the Indian Territory was that which wasPage 673described by metes and bounds in the act of May 2, 1890,26 Stat. 81, 93, c. 182, § 29. It included the lands ofPage 674the Cherokee Nation, and the city of Vinita, where the petitioner's alleged offense was committed. It is now, of course, a part of the State of Oklahoma.
It is not open to serious dispute that if the prohibition of the act of 1895 against "carrying into said Territory any such liquors or drinks" remains operative so far as pertains to the carrying of intoxicating liquors from another State into that part of Oklahoma which was the Indian Territory, the acts admittedly done by the petitioner constitute an offense thereunder, of which the United States District Court has jurisdiction. Whether the offense is sufficiently alleged in the indictment is another question, which, on familiar grounds, is not a proper subject-matter for inquiry onhabeas corpus. Exparte Parks,93 U.S. 18;Ex parte Virginia,100 U.S. 313,339;Ex parte Carll,106 U.S. 521;Ex parte Belt,159 U.S. 95;Ornelasv.Ruiz,161 U.S. 502. Recognizing this, counsel for the petitioner, upon the oral argument and in a supplemental brief, modified his original contentions, so as to deal with the act of 1895. As thus modified, the grounds upon which he relies are the following:
First, that the act of 1895, being a special act applicable to the Indian Territory, had the effect of superseding as to that Territory the existing general statute against the introduction and sale of intoxicating liquors in the Indian country.
Secondly, that the act of 1897, being amendatory of the general statute against the introduction and sale of intoxicating liquors in the Indian country, did not apply to the Indian Territory, because that Territory was covered by the special act of 1895.Page 675
Thirdly, that the jurisdiction cannot be rested upon the act of 1897, because the place where the alleged offense was committed was not Indian country within the meaning of that act, since there was no Indian title remaining in the town site of Vinita; the insistence being that where there is no Indian title, no inalienable land, and no alloted land held in trust, there can be no "Indian country."
Fourthly, that, whether the act of 1895 or the act of 1897 would otherwise be applicable, these acts were both repealed, as to that part of Oklahoma which was formerly the Indian Territory, by the force of the Oklahoma Enabling Act of June 16, 1906, c. 3335,34 Stat. 267, under the authority of which the constitution of Oklahoma was adopted and a state government established, covering the territory previously known as Oklahoma and the Indian Territory; and pursuant to which certain statutes were afterwards enacted by the state legislature, viz., an act of March 24, 1908 (Laws of 1907-8, p. 594), known as the Billups Law, being §§ 4156-4209 of the Compiled Laws of Oklahoma of 1909, and an act passed March 11, 1911, Session Laws of Oklahoma, 1910-1911, c. 70, pp. 154-156.
The contentions of the Government, on the other hand, are:
First, that the act of 1895 prohibits the liquor traffic in the Indian Territory, regardless of any question concerning the term "Indian country," or concerning the title to particular lands, or the race or color of the persons affected.
Secondly, that the extinguishment of the Indian land title to the particularlocus in quodid not remove it from the operation of § 2139, Rev. Stat., as amended by the acts of 1892 and 1897, because (among other reasons,) a contrary intent is manifested in the treaties and statutes under which that title was extinguished.
Thirdly, That neither by admitting Oklahoma to statehood, nor by anything in the Enabling Act, did CongressPage 676renounce its control over the interstate liquor traffic in what had been the Indian Territory.
The question whether the act of 1895 was superseded by the act of 1897 was not much discussed in the argument. It is a question of nicety, having an importance extending beyond the exigencies of the present case. In the view we take of the other questions, however, we may simplify the discussion by assuming (without conceding) that petitioner's first two points are well taken, and that the act of 1897 did not apply to the Indian Territory because that Territory was covered by the special act of 1895. This at the same time renders it unnecessary for us to consider his third contention, viz., that thelocus in quowas not Indian country within the meaning of the act of 1897, because of the extinguishment of the Indian title.
We may thus proceed at once to the question of the effect upon the act of 1895 of the Oklahoma Enabling Act of June 16, 1906 (34 Stat. 267, c. 3335), and the admission of the State of Oklahoma into the Union pursuant thereto. Since the Government concedes that the act of 1895 has been thereby repealed saving so far as it prohibited the carrying of intoxicating liquors, etc., from another State into the Territory, the matter to be discussed is still further narrowed.
Before passing, however, it should be noted that § 2139, Rev. Stat., and the act of 1897 contain prohibitions respecting the sale of intoxicating liquor to Indians, and in this, and perhaps in other important respects, cover ground not covered by the act of 1895. We must not be understood as deciding that these prohibitions are no longer in force within what was the Indian Territory, either because of the assumed effect of the act of 1895 in superseding the previous general statute of which the act of 1897 was amendatory, or because of the Oklahoma Enabling Act and the admission of the State thereunder.Page 677The assumption we make in favor of the petitioner is for the purposes of the present argument only.
The title and pertinent sections of the Enabling Act are set forth in the margin.1Page 678
It will be observed that its first section provides that nothing in the constitution of the new State shall be construedPage 679"to limit or affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make any law or regulation respectingPage 680such Indians, their lands, property or other rights by treaties, agreement, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent to make if this act had never been passed." Also that § 3 requires that the constitution shall prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors within those parts of the proposed State known as the Indian Territory and the Osage Indian Reservation, and within any other parts of said State which existed as Indian reservations on January 1, 1906, and shall prohibit the shipment or conveyance of such liquors from other parts of the State into the portions just described; the prohibition to continue for a period of 21 years, and thereafter until the people shall otherwise provide by constitutional amendment and proper state legislation; with a proviso for the establishment of state agencies for the sale of liquors for medicinal purposes and to bonded apothecaries, of denaturized alcohol for industrial purposes and of alcohol for scientific purposes; and with elaborate provisions for carrying the prohibition into effect and preventing any abuse of the limited privileges conferred; it being declared, at the same time, that "Upon the admission of said State into the Union these provisions shall be immediately enforceable in the courts of said State."
Pursuant to this act, a constitutional convention prepared and submitted to the people for adoption a constitution containing the clauses thus prescribed by Congress. At the same time a separate constitutional provision was submitted, for establishing state-wide liquor prohibition, substantially in the same terms and subject to the same provisions that were prescribed, with respect to the Indian Territory and the Indian reservations, by the EnablingPage 681Act. The constitution and the separate constitutional provision were duly adopted by the people, and on November 16, 1907, by proclamation of the President, Oklahoma was admitted as a State of the Union.
No doubt the Enabling Act, followed by the adoption of the constitution therein prescribed and the admission of the new State, had the effect of remitting to the state government the enforcement of the prohibition respecting the manufacture, sale, barter, etc., of intoxicating liquors within the State, and respecting commerce in such liquors conducted wholly within the State; and, to the extent that the scheme of prohibition established by the Enabling Act covered the same field that had been covered by the act of 1895, the latter act must be considered as impliedly repealed. But the act of 1895 included offenses that are not covered by the prohibition scheme of the Enabling Act; it prohibited the carrying of intoxicating liquors from other States into territory that was included in the State of Oklahoma. And the question for present solution is whether the act of 1895, having been partially repealed as just indicated, remains in force as a prohibition against such interstate traffic. In deciding it we shall do well to bear in mind that the offense of importing or "introducing" or "carrying in" such liquors into a protected district is different in its nature and readily distinguishable from the offenses of manufacturing, selling, etc., within the district; that from the earliest times they have been treated in Federal legislation as different offenses; that Congress for many years has consistently pursued the policy of forbidding sales of liquor to Indians and excluding it from country occupied by them; that the prohibition of importations has been deemed necessary to effectuate the purpose of preventing the use of it in protected districts; that the act of 1895 was passed for the evident purpose of enforcing the two-fold prohibition in the Indian Territory; and that by agreements with the Indian tribesPage 682inhabiting the Territory (as will appear below) the United States was, to some extent at least, pledged to maintain the prohibition. Besides these considerations, it is to be noted that the Enabling Act, while containing most stringent clauses for preventing (at least for twenty-one years) the manufacture of and traffic in liquors within the Indian Territory, and their transportation from other parts of the new State into the Territory, imposes no duty upon the new State with respect to preventing liquors from being brought into the Territory from other States.
In view of these considerations, and others to be mentioned, it seems to us that Congress, so far from intending by the Enabling Act to repeal so much of the act of 1895 as prohibits the carrying of intoxicating liquors into the Indian Territory from points without the State, framed the Enabling Act with a clear view of the distinction between the powers appropriate to be exercised by the new State over matters within her borders, and the powers appropriate to be exercised by the United States over traffic originating beyond the borders of the new State and extending within the Indian Territory.
In addition, there is the proviso contained in section one of the act, that nothing contained in the state constitution shall be construed "to limit or affect the right or authority of the Government of the United States to make any law or regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights by treaties, agreement, law or otherwise, which it would have been competent to make if this act had never been passed." It is contended that this does not preserve the existing laws and regulations respecting the Indians, but rather excludes the inference of their continued force and existence by indicating a purpose on the part of Congress to thereafter enact regulations for the protection of the Indians in Oklahoma if necessity requires. This, we think, is an inadmissiblePage 683construction. We deem it unreasonable to suppose that Congress, possessing the constitutional power and recognizing the moral duty to make laws and regulations respecting the Indians, and having already established laws and regulations of this character applicable in the Territory, including some that were established by treaties and agreements, should resolve to wipe them out, and thereby impose upon future Congresses the labor and difficulty of establishing other proper laws and regulations in their stead. In our opinion, the purpose expressed in the proviso to reserve to the Government of the United States the authority to make laws and regulations in the future respecting the Indians is, under the circumstances, evidence tending to negative a purpose to repeal by implication the existing laws and regulations on the subject.
Of course an act of Congress may repeal a prior treaty as well as it may repeal a prior act.The Cherokee Tobacco, 11 Wall. 616;Fong Yue Tingv.United States,149 U.S. 698,720;Wardv.Race Horse,163 U.S. 504,511;Draperv.UnitedStates,164 U.S. 240,243.
But it is a settled rule of statutory construction that repeals by implication are not favored, and will not be held to exist if there be any other reasonable construction.Copev.Cope,137 U.S. 682,686, and cases cited;Wardv.RaceHorse, supra.
The reservation of the authority of Congress to legislate in the future respecting the Indians residing within the new State is clearly supportable under the Federal Constitution, Art. I, § 8, which confers upon Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes." It has been repeatedly held by this court that under this clause traffic or intercourse with an Indian tribe or with a member of such a tribe is subject to the regulation of Congress, although it be within the limits of a State.UnitedStatesv.Holliday, 3 Wall. 407, 418;United StatesPage 684v.43 Gallons of Whiskey,93 U.S. 188,195,197;Dickv.United States,208 U.S. 340, and cases cited.
And it is as clearly consistent with the Constitution to maintain in force an existing act of Congress relating to such traffic and intercourse, so that it shall continue effective within the limits of the new State, as it is to reserve the right to enact new laws in the future upon the same subject-matter.
We must read the proviso contained in § 1 of the Enabling Act, and also the declaration in § 21 that "The laws of the United States not locally inapplicable shall have the same force and effect within the said state as elsewhere within the United States," in the light of the existing relations, then recently established by treaties and by acts of Congress, between the Government of the United States and the Five Civilized Tribes that occupied the area known as the Indian Territory. Although those tribes had long been treated more liberally than other Indians, they remained none the less wards of the Government, and in all respects subject to its control.Cherokee Nationv.Southern Kansas R.R. Co.,135 U.S. 641,653, and cases cited. And after Congress, in the year 1893, had inaugurated the policy of terminating their tribal existence and government and allotting their lands in severalty (act of March 3, 1893, c. 209, § 16;27 Stat. 645), agreements were negotiated by the Dawes Commission with each of the tribes designated to carry out the objects indicated; and in each of those agreements there was some recognition of the importance of preserving restrictions upon the introduction of intoxicating liquors from without and the traffic in them within the Indian Territory.
The agreement with the Seminoles was made in 1897 (30 Stat. 567), with the Creeks in 1901 and 1902 (31 Stat. 861,32 Stat. 500), with the Choctaws and Chickasaws in 1898 (30 Stat. 507) and in 1902 (32 Stat. 641), and with the Cherokees in the latter year (32 Stat. 716).Page 685
Section 73 of the agreement with the Cherokees (32 Stat. 727) continued in force in that Nation the fourteenth section of an act of June 28, 1898, entitled "An act for the protection of the people of the Indian Territory and for other purposes," (30 Stat. 500), which contained a proviso against the sale of liquor in the Territory, and against the introduction thereof into the Territory.
In the first Choctaw and Chickasaw agreement there was a provision (30 Stat. 509) that no law or ordinance should be passed by any town interfering with the enforcement of or conflicting with the laws of the United States in force in said Territory, "and the United States agrees to maintain strict laws in the territory of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes against the introduction, sale, barter, or giving away of liquors and intoxicants of any kind or quality."
In the Choctaw-Chickasaw agreement of 1902, § 64, which provided for the cession to the United States of lands at the Sulphur Springs, contained a provision (32 Stat. 656) that "Until otherwise provided by Congress, the laws of the United States relating to the introduction, possession, sale, and giving away of liquors or intoxicants of any kind in the Indian country or Indian Reservations shall be applicable to the lands so ceded, and said lands shall remain within the jurisdiction of the United States court for the Southern District of Indian Territory."
The Seminole agreement likewise provided that "the United States agrees to maintain strict laws in the Seminole country against the introduction, sale, barter, or giving away of intoxicants of any kind or quality." (30 Stat. 568.)
The first Creek agreement provided that "The United States agrees to maintain strict laws in said Nation against the introduction, sale, barter, or giving away of liquors or intoxicants of any kind whatsoever." (Act of March 1, 1901, c. 676, § 43,31 Stat. 872.) And this was not modifiedPage 686by the supplemental agreement. (Act of June 30, 1902, c. 1323,32 Stat. 500.)
It seems to us that the provisions of the Enabling Act show that Congress recognized that, because of these agreements or otherwise, the Government of the United States was under a duty to the inhabitants of the Indian Territory different from its duty to the inhabitants of the other territory that went to form the new State. We are unable otherwise to explain the insertion in the proposed constitution of the clause establishing liquor prohibition within the Indian Territory, and the exclusion of the other territory from the operation of this clause. This action is indicative of a purpose on the part of Congress to fulfill the spirit as well as the letter of the agreements with the Five Tribes. There were differences in those treaties, so far as the liquor traffic is concerned. But in the Enabling Act all the tribes were treated alike, and in a manner to fulfill the amplest promise given to any tribe, so far —but only so far— as the establishment of general prohibitionwithinthe new State was concerned.
But if the Federal law that had prevented the bringing in of intoxicating liquors from without the State was at the same time repealed, the pledges of the Government were thereby in a material part broken. For manifestly it would be of comparatively little use to prohibit the manufacture of intoxicating liquors within the Territory and their shipment from other parts of the State into the Territory, if at the same time all laws prohibiting the introduction of such liquors from other States into the Territory were to be repealed.
And it is clear that in framing the Enabling Act, Congress was mindful not only of its jurisdiction over commerce with the Indian tribes, but was mindful that traffic in liquors between one State and another is subject only to the control of Congress.Bowmanv.Chicago N.W.Page 687Railway Co.,125 U.S. 465;Leisyv.Hardin,135 U.S. 100;Lottery Case,188 U.S. 321.
It is argued that the result of engrafting the provisions of the Enabling Act upon that part of the act of 1895 which remains unrepealed is a statutory system "so incongruous and indefinite in purpose and effect that it would be impossible to enforce it."
This contention is based largely upon the fact that the prohibition of the manufacture, sale, barter, etc., of intoxicating liquors within those parts of the State that were known as the Indian Territory and Osage Indian Reservation, and the other parts of the State which were Indian reservations on January 1, 1906, and the prohibition of the shipment or conveyance of such liquors from other parts of the State into the portions just mentioned, is subject to a proviso that the legislature may provide by law for state agencies for the sale of such liquor for medicinal purposes, for the sale of denaturized alcohol for industrial purposes, for the sale of alcohol for scientific purposes, and for the sale of liquors to bonded apothecaries.
It is argued that in theinterimbetween the admission of the State and the enactment of legislation for establishing state liquor agencies, there would necessarily be a period of considerable duration (as the event happened, it was over four months,) during which, in what was formerly the Indian Territory, it would be doubtful whether sales of liquor would be punishable in the Federal or in the state courts, and whether according to the act of 1895 or under the different penalties of the Enabling Act.
It may be conceded that until the State took action, in accordance with the constitution, for the establishment of agencies for the sale of liquors for the limited purposes mentioned, such sales could not be made at all, and that all sales which otherwise were in violation of the prohibition of the constitution were punishable in the courts; to whatPage 688extent punishable in the Federal courts, and to what extent in the state courts, it is not worth while to spend time in considering. Some temporary confusion and uncertainty may be unavoidable upon the establishment of a state government under such conditions; but this has little bearing upon the question before us.
A more serious argument is that which is based upon the effect of the constitutional provision respecting the establishment and maintenance of state agencies for the disposition of liquor, after the state legislature shall have provided by law for such agencies; for when such a law has been enacted we are brought to the permanent condition of things that was in the contemplation of Congress.
And here it is urged that as to the offense of carrying intoxicating liquor into the Territory, it must be that the introduction thereof for supplying the needs of the state agencies was permitted by the Enabling Act, and that the provisions of the act of 1895 must be taken to be repealed to that extent, leaving the act in force against the introduction of liquor for other purposes. But it is said (to quote from the brief): "If that was the purpose of the Enabling Act it entirely fails to express it, because it does not provide who may so introduce liquors into the Territory, and who may not, for the purpose of supplying local agencies, and the law would be so framed that neither court nor layman could ascertain by reading it by whom and under what circumstances such introduction was innocent or criminal."
No doubt, in order to give effect to the constitutional provision that permits the legislature to provide by law for agencies under the supervision of the State for the sale of liquors for the limited purposes specified, it is necessary that the state agencies shall procure these liquors from some source.
The authorization is in the form of a proviso. Whether, by fair construction, it qualifies merely the force of thePage 689clause to which it is subjoined — that is, qualifies merely the prohibition against the manufacture, sale, etc., of intoxicating liquors within the Indian Territory and the Indian reservations, and the prohibition against the shipment of such liquors from other parts of the State into the portions mentioned — or whether, on the other hand, it has the effect of permitting liquors to be introduced from without the State, is a question that need not detain us. Upon the former construction, the State would presumably be obliged to cause the liquors to be manufactured within its own borders for the supply of its distributing agencies. Upon the latter construction, the State would be at liberty to import the necessary liquors from beyond its borders. In the one case, as in the other, the operation would be lawful and innocent when conducted under the authority of the State; otherwise unlawful. It is not to be presumed that the State would conceal or cloak its operations, or leave its agents without evidence of their authority. We can see no more practical difficulty here than there is in determining in any other matter that is subject to public regulation — for instance, the killing or transportation of game, the manufacture or sale of liquor — whether a given act is done with or without a license from the State. The argumentab inconvenientiis without force.
We are reminded that "laws which create crime ought to be so explicit that all men subject to their penalties may know what acts it is their duty to avoid," (United Statesv.Brewer,139 U.S. 278,288) and that ambiguity and uncertainty about the meaning of a criminal statute ought to be resolved by a strict interpretation in favor of the liberty of the citizen.
But there is no uncertainty or ambiguity about the prohibition of the act of 1895 against carrying intoxicating liquors into the Indian Territory. It is not suggested that there is any express repeal of that prohibition. AndPage 690we are unable to see that apro tantorepeal by implication leaves anything doubtful or ambiguous in the meaning of that which remains.
It is not our purpose to qualify the doctrine established by repeated decisions of this court that the admission of a new State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States imports an equality of power over internal affairs. The cases cited by counsel for the petitioner under this head are cases that dealt with matters wholly internal.United Statesv.McBratney,104 U.S. 621;Draperv.United States,164 U.S. 240;Matter of Heff,197 U.S. 488,505. And seeWardv.RaceHorse,163 U.S. 504;United Statesv.Celestine,215 U.S. 278,288;United Statesv.Sutton,215 U.S. 291,294;Hallowellv.United States,221 U.S. 317,323;Dickv.United States,208 U.S. 340.
The most recent decision of this court upon the subject of the proper construction of acts of Congress passed for the admission of new States into the Union isCoylev.Smith,221 U.S. 559; where it was held that the Oklahoma Enabling Act (34 Stat., c. 3335, p. 267), in providing that the capital of the State should temporarily be at the City of Guthrie, and should not be changed therefrom previous to the year 1913, ceased to be a limitation upon the power of the State after its admission. The court, however, was careful to state (221 U.S. 574): "It may well happen that Congress should embrace in an enactment introducing a new State into the Union legislation intended as a regulation of commerce among the States, or with Indian tribes situated within the limits of such new state, or regulations touching the sole care and disposition of the public lands or reservations therein, which might be upheld as legislation within the sphere of the plain power of Congress. But in every such case such legislation would derive its force not from any agreement or compact with the proposed new State, nor by reason of its acceptance of such enactment as a term of admission, butPage 691solely because the power of Congress extended to the subject, and therefore would not operate to restrict the State's legislative power in respect of any matter which was not plainly within the regulating power of Congress."
We are here dealing with one of those matters such as are referred to in this citation. The power of Congress to regulate commerce between the States, and with Indian tribes situate within the limits of a State, justifies Congress when creating a new State out of territory inhabited by Indian tribes, and into which territory the introduction of intoxicating liquors is by existing laws and treaties prohibited, in so legislating as to preserve those laws and treaties in force to the extent of excluding interstate traffic in intoxicating liquors that would be inconsistent with the prohibition.Dickv.United States,208 U.S. 340,353.
This being so, and since we find in the Oklahoma Enabling Act no repeal, express or implied, of the act of 1895 so far as pertains to the carrying of liquor from without the new State into that part of it which was the Indian Territory (saving as to liquor brought in by the State for the use of state agencies established under the provisions of the Enabling Act), it follows, upon the admitted facts, that the United States District Court has jurisdiction to punish the petitioner for the offense that he has committed.
The petition for a writ ofhabeas corpusand the accompanying application forcertiorariwill beDenied.Page 692
- Page 671 ACT OF JULY 23, 1892 (27 Stat. 260).
"Chap. 234. — An act to amend sections twenty-one hundred and thirty-nine, twenty-one hundred and forty, and twenty-one hundred and forty-one of the Revised Statutes touching the sale of intoxicants in the Indian country, and for other purposes.
"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives ofthe United States of America in Congress assembled, That section twenty-one hundred Page 672 and thirty-nine of the Revised Statutes be amended and re-enacted so as to read as follows:
"`SEC. 2139. No ardent spirits, ale, beer, wine, or intoxicating liquor or liquors of whatever kind shall be introduced, under any pretense, into the Indian country. Every person who sells, exchanges, gives, barters, or disposes of any ardent spirits, ale, beer, wine, or intoxicating liquors of any kind to any Indian under charge of any Indian superintendent or agent, or introduces or attempts to introduce any ardent spirits, ale, wine, beer, or intoxicating liquor of any kind into the Indian country shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years, and by fine of not more than three hundred dollars for each offense. But it shall be a sufficient defense to any charge of introducing or attempting to introduce ardent spirits, ale, beer, wine, or intoxicating liquors into the Indian country that the acts charged were done under authority in writing from the War Department, or any officer duly authorized thereunto by the War Department. All complaints for the arrest of any person or persons made for violation of any of the provisions of this act shall be made in the county where the offense shall have been committed, or if committed upon or within any reservation not included in any county, then in any county adjoining such reservation, and, if in the Indian Territory, before the United States court commissioner, or commissioner of the circuit court of the United States residing nearest the place where the offense was committed, who is not for any reason disqualified; but in all cases such arrests shall be made before any United States court commissioner residing in such adjoining county, or before any magistrate or judicial officer authorized by the laws of the State in which such reservation is located to issue warrants for the arrest and examination of offenders by section ten hundred and fourteen of the Revised Statutes of the United States. And all persons so arrested shall, unless discharged upon examination, be held to answer and stand trial before the court of the United States having jurisdiction of the offense.'"
ACT OF MARCH 1, 1895 (28 Stat. 693)
"Chap. 145. — An Act to provide for the appointment of additional judges of the United States court in the Indian Territory, and for other purposes.
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"SEC. 8. That any person, whether an Indian or otherwise, who shall, in said Territory, manufacture, sell, give away, or in any manner, Page 673 or by any means furnish to anyone, either for himself or another, any vinous, malt, or fermented liquors, or any other intoxicating drinks of any kind whatsoever, whether medicated or not, or who shall carry, or in any manner have carried, into said Territory any such liquors or drinks, or who shall be interested in such manufacture, sale, giving away, furnishing to anyone, or carrying into said Territory any of such liquors or drinks, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and by imprisonment for not less than one month nor more than five years."
ACT OF JANUARY 30, 1897 (29 Stat. 506).
"Chap. 109. — An Act to prohibit the sale of intoxicating drinks to Indians, providing penalties therefor, and for other purposes.
"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives ofthe United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person who shall sell, give away, dispose of, exchange, or barter any malt, spirituous, or vinous liquor, including beer, ale, and wine, or any ardent or other intoxicating liquor of any kind whatsoever, or any essence, extract, bitters, preparation, compound, composition, or any article whatsoever, under any name, label, or brand, which produces intoxication, to any Indian to whom allotment of land has been made while the title to the same shall be held in trust by the Government, or to any Indian a ward of the Government under charge of any Indian superintendent or agent, or any Indian, including mixed bloods, over whom the Government, through its departments, exercises guardianship, and any person who shall introduce or attempt to introduce any malt, spirituous, or vinous liquor, including beer, ale, and wine, or any ardent or intoxicating liquor of any kind whatsoever into the Indian country, which term shall include any Indian allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by the Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the allottee without the consent of the United States, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than sixty days, and by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars for the first offense and not less than two hundred dollars for each offense thereafter:Provided however, That the person convicted shall be committed until fine and costs are paid. But it shall be a sufficient defense to any charge of introducing or attempting to introduce ardent spirits, ale, beer, wine, or intoxicating liquors into the Indian country that the acts charged were done under Page 674 authority, in writing, from the War Department or any officer duly authorized thereunto by the War Department.
SEC. 2. That so much of the Act of the twenty-third day of July, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, as is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act is hereby repealed." ↩ - Page 677 OKLAHOMA ENABLING ACT (34 Stat. 267).
"An Act to enable the people of Oklahoma and of the Indian Territory to form a constitution and state government and be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states," etc.
"SECTION 1. That the inhabitants of all that part of the area of the United States now constituting the Territory of Oklahoma and Indian Territory, as at present described, may adopt a constitution and become the State of Oklahoma, as hereinafter provided:Provided, That nothing contained in the said constitution shall be construed to limit or impair the rights of person or property pertaining to the Indians of said Territories (so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished) or to limit or affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make any law or regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights by treaties, agreement, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent to make if this Act had never been passed.
"SEC. 2. That all male persons over the age of twenty-one years, who are citizens of the United States, or who are members of any Indian nation or tribe in said Indian Territory and Oklahoma, and who have resided within the limits of said proposed State for at least six months next preceding the election, are hereby authorized to vote for and choose delegates to form a constitutional convention for said proposed State; and all persons qualified to vote for said delegates shall be eligible to serve as delegates; * * *
"SEC. 3. * * * Said convention shall, and is hereby authorized to, form a constitution and State government for said proposed State. * * * And said convention shall provide in said constitution:
* * * * * * * *
"Second. That the manufacture, sale, barter, giving away, or otherwise furnishing, except as hereinafter provided, of intoxicating liquors within those parts of said State now known as the Indian Territory and the Osage Indian Reservation and within any other parts of said State which existed as Indian reservations on the first day of January, nineteen hundred and six, is prohibited for a period of twenty-one years from the date of the admission of said State into the Union, and thereafter Page 678 until the people of said State shall otherwise provide by amendment of said constitution and proper State legislation. Any person, individual or corporate, who shall manufacture, sell, barter, give away, or otherwise furnish any intoxicating liquor of any kind, including beer, ale, and wine, contrary to the provisions of this section, or who shall, within the above described portions of said State, advertise for sale or solicit the purchase of any such liquors, or who shall ship or in any way convey such liquors from other parts of said State into the portions hereinbefore described, shall be punished, on conviction thereof, by fine not less than fifty dollars and by imprisonment not less than thirty days for each offense:Provided, That the legislature may provide by law for one agency under the supervision of said State in each incorporated town of not less than two thousand population in the portions of said State hereinbefore described; and if there be no incorporated town of two thousand population in any county in said portions of said State, such county shall be entitled to have one such agency, for the sale of such liquors for medicinal purposes; and for the sale, for industrial purposes, of alcohol which shall have been denaturized by some process approved by the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue; and for the sale of alcohol for scientific purposes to such scientific institutions, universities, and colleges as are authorized to procure the same free of tax under the laws of the United States; and for the sale of such liquors to any apothecary who shall have executed an approved bond, in a sum not less than one thousand dollars, conditioned that none of such liquors shall be used or disposed of for any purpose other than in the compounding of prescriptions or other medicines, the sale of which would not subject him to the payment of the special tax required of liquor dealers by the United States, and the payment of such special tax by any person within the parts of said State hereinabove defined shall constitute prima facie evidence of his intention to violate the provisions of this section. No sale shall be made except upon the sworn statement of the applicant in writing setting forth the purpose for which the liquor is to be used, and no sale shall be made for medicinal purposes except sales to apothecaries as hereinabove provided unless such statement shall be accompanied by a bona fide prescription signed by a regular practicing physician, which prescription shall not be filled more than once — Each sale shall be duly registered, and the register thereof, together with the affidavits and prescriptions pertaining thereto, shall be open to inspection by any Page 679 officer or citizen of said State at all times during business hours. Any person who shall knowingly make a false affidavit for the purpose aforesaid shall be deemed guilty of perjury. Any physician who shall prescribe any such liquor, except for treatment of disease which after his own personal diagnosis he shall deem to require such treatment, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished for each offense by fine of not less than two hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not less than thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and any person connected with any such agency who shall be convicted of making any sale or other disposition of liquor contrary to these provisions shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one year and one day. Upon the admission of said State into the Union these provisions shall be immediately enforceable in the courts of said State.
"Third. That the people inhabiting said proposed State do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title in or to any unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries thereof, and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held by any Indian, tribe, or nation; and that until the title to any such public land shall have been extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and remain subject to the jurisdiction, disposal, and control of the United States."
* * * * * * * *
SEC. 4 provides for the submission to the people of the constitution to be adopted by the constitutional convention, and the admission of the State (on ratification of the constitution by the people) "on an equal footing with the original States."
* * * * * * * *
"SEC. 13. That said State when admitted as aforesaid shall constitute two judicial districts, to be known as the eastern district of Oklahoma and the western district of Oklahoma; the said Indian Territory shall constitute said eastern district, and the said Oklahoma Territory shall constitute said western district. * * * The circuit and district courts for each of said districts, and the judges thereof, respectively, shall possess the same powers and jurisdiction and perform the same duties required to be performed by the other circuit and district courts and judges of the United States, and shall be governed by the same laws and regulations." * * *
"SEC. 21. * * * All laws in force in the Territory of Oklahoma at the time of the admission of said State into the Union shall be in Page 680 force throughout said State, except as modified or changed by this Act or by the constitution of the State, and the laws of the United States not locally inapplicable shall have the same force and effect within said State as elsewhere within the United States." ↩