Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Ricaud v. American Metal Co.
246 U.S. 304
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1918-03-11
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- holding act of state doctrine prohibited American courts from considering the seizure of an American citizen’s property by the Mexican government for military purposes
- act of state doctrine barred judicial inquiry into the Mexican government’s confiscation of lead bullion
- order of military officer “in his capacity as a commanding officer” barred from adjudication by act of state doctrine
- seizure of bullion by Mexican government divested titled and ownership of the bullion by a U.S. citizen
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Ricaud v. American Metal Co.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Authority status
- pending
- Cited by
- 162 opinions
Headnotes
- Civil Procedure — Certified Questions from Circuit Court of Appeals A certificate from a Circuit Court of Appeals does not satisfy the requirement of a proper statement of the facts on which the questions and propositions of law arise where it merely recites what the parties "alleged and denied" in their pleadings, supplemented by a statement that there was evidence tending to establish the facts as claimed by each party, without any finding as to what the evidence showed the facts to be; nor should the certified questions be based on an "assumed" statement of facts. 246 U.S. at 306–08
- Civil Procedure — Certified Questions from Circuit Court of Appeals Facts of which the court may take judicial notice may enable it to answer questions certified by a Circuit Court of Appeals where the insufficiency of the certificate would otherwise require its return to that court. 246 U.S. at 308
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Judicial Notice of Recognition of Foreign Governments Courts take judicial notice of the recognition by the political department of the United States Government of a foreign government as the de facto and later the de jure government of that country, and such recognition is a decision that binds judges as well as all other officers and citizens of the Government. 246 U.S. at 308–09
- International Law — Retroactive Effect of Recognition Recognition by the United States of a foreign government is retroactive in effect and validates all the actions of that government from the commencement of its existence, so that acts of its military commanders during the civil war must be regarded as the action of a duly commissioned officer of the legitimate government. 246 U.S. at 309
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Diversity of Citizenship A bill alleging diverse citizenship and that the plaintiff's personal property was forcibly taken from its possession abroad, consigned to a defendant within the district, and there held in a bonded warehouse by a collector of customs who would deliver it to the other defendants unless restrained, states a case within the jurisdiction of the district court. 246 U.S. at 307–08
- International Law — Act of State The courts of one independent government will not sit in judgment on the validity of the acts of another government done within its own territory; when it appears that the foreign government has acted in a given way on the subject matter of the litigation, the details of such action and the merit of the result cannot be questioned but must be accepted by our courts as a rule for their decision. 246 U.S. at 309–10
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Effect of Foreign Government's Acts The rule that courts will not examine the validity of acts of a foreign government done within its own territory does not deprive a court of jurisdiction once acquired over a case; to accept a ruling authority and to decide accordingly is not a surrender or abandonment of jurisdiction but is an exercise of it. 246 U.S. at 309–10
- International Law — Act of State The fact that property seized, condemned, and sold for military purposes by the legitimate government of Mexico within its own boundaries belonged to an American citizen who was not in or a resident of Mexico at the time of the seizure does not affect the rule that the act of one sovereign state within its own territory cannot become the subject of reexamination and modification in the courts of another; such rights may be asserted only through the courts of the foreign country or the political departments of our Government. 246 U.S. at 310
RICAUDv. AMERICAN METAL CO.,246 U.S. 304(1918)
38 S.Ct. 312
RICAUD ET AL.v. AMERICAN METAL COMPANY, LIMITED.
CERTIFICATE FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT.
No. 119.
Submitted January 3, 1918.
Decided March 11, 1918.
THE case is stated in the opinion.
Barlow, one of the defendants in the District Court, claims to be the owner of the property by purchase from the defendant Ricaud, who it is claimed purchased it from General Pereyra, who in the year 1913 was the commander of a brigade of the Constitutionalist Army of Mexico of which Venustiano Carranza was then First Chief.
It is not seriously disputed that General Pereyra, in his capacity as a commanding officer, in September, 1913, demanded this bullion from the Penoles Mining Company, a Mexican corporation doing business at Bermejillo, Mexico; that when it was delivered to him he gave a receipt which contains a promise to pay for it "on the triumph of the revolution or the establishment of a legal government"; that Pereyra sold the bullion to defendant Ricaud, who sold it to the defendant Barlow; that the proceeds of the sale were devoted to the purchase of arms, ammunition, food and clothing for Pereyra's troops, and that Pereyra in the transaction represented and acted for the Government of General Carranza, which has since been recognized by the United States Government as thede jureGovernment of Mexico.
The plaintiff, appellee here, claims to have purchased the bullion from the Penoles Mining Company in June, 1913.
The District Court rendered a decree in favor of the plaintiff from which defendants appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, and that court certifies three questions as to which it desires the instruction of this court.
The sufficiency of the certificate of the Circuit Court of Appeals is challenged at the threshold.Page 307
There is no denying that there is much of merit in the objection to the form of this certificate, including the form of the questions, for the reason that the certificate, instead of containing a "proper statement of the facts on which the questions and propositions of law arise," as is required by Rule 37 of this court, contains a statement of what is "alleged and denied" by the parties plaintiff and defendant in their pleadings, with the additional statement that there was evidence "tending to establish the facts as claimed by each party," but without any finding whatever as to what the evidence showed the facts to be, and the first question, on which the other two depend, is in terms based entirely on an "assumed" statement of facts.
If this certificate had not been supplemented by the recognition by the United States Government of the Government of Carranza, first as thede facto, and later as thede jureGovernment of Mexico, of which facts this court will take judicial notice, (Jonesv.United States,137 U.S. 202;Underhillv.Hernandez,168 U.S. 250) it would be our duty to declare the certificate insufficient and to return it to the Circuit Court of Appeals without answering the questions.Cincinnati, Hamilton Dayton R.R. Co. v.McKeen,149 U.S. 259;Graverv.Faurot,162 U.S. 435;Crossv.Evans,167 U.S. 60;Stratton's Independencev.Howbert,231 U.S. 399,422.
But this recognition of the government under which General Pereyra was acting, as the legitimate Government of Mexico, makes the answers to the questions so certain and its effect upon the case is so clear, that, for the purpose of making an end of the litigation, we will proceed to answer the questions.
The first question is:
"I. Assuming that the bullion in suit was seized, condemned, and sold for war supplies by the Constitutionalist forces in revolution in Mexico, acting under authorityPage 308from General Carranza, claiming to be the Provisional President of the Republic of Mexico, had the District Court of the Western District of Texas, into which the said bullion had been imported from Mexico, jurisdiction to try and adjudge as to the validity of the title acquired by and through the said seizure, appropriation, and sale by the Carranza forces as against an American citizen claiming ownership of the said bullion prior to its seizure?"
There can be no doubt that the required diversity of citizenship to give the District Court jurisdiction of the case was stated in the petition for injunction. The certificate shows that it was alleged in the petition that the bullion was the property of the plaintiff and that it had been forcibly taken from its possession in Mexico by unknown persons but without any reference being made to a state of war prevailing therein at the time; that it was consigned to defendant Barlow at El Paso, Texas, and was in a bonded warehouse in the possession of the defendant Cobb, as Collector of Customs, who, unless restrained by the court, would deliver it to the other defendants.
This form of petition brought the case within the jurisdiction of the District Court (United Statesv.Arredondo, 6 Pet. 691, 709;Grignon's Lesseev.Astor, 2 How. 319;MinnesotaCo. v.St. Paul Co., 2 Wall. 609, 632), and the question is, whether the circumstance that the bullion was seized, condemned and sold under the conditions stated in the question deprived the court of jurisdiction to go forward and adjudge as to the validity of the title acquired by the seizure and sale by the Carranza forces.
The answer which should be given to this question has been rendered not doubtful by the fact that, as we have said, the revolution inaugurated by General Carranza against General Huerta proved successful and the government established by him has been recognized by thePage 309political department of our Government as thede factoand later as thede jureGovernment of Mexico, which decision binds the judges as well as all other officers and citizens of the Government.United Statesv.Palmer, 3 Wheat. 610;In reCooper,143 U.S. 472;Jonesv.United States,137 U.S. 202. This recognition is retroactive in effect and validates all the actions of the Carranza Government from the commencement of its existence (Williamsv.Bruffy,96 U.S. 176,186;Underhillv.Hernandez,168 U.S. 250,253), and the action of General Pereyra complained of must therefore be regarded as the action, in time of civil war, of a duly commissioned general of the legitimate Government of Mexico.
It is settled that the courts will take judicial notice of such recognition, as we have here of the Carranza Government, by the political department of our Government (Jonesv.UnitedStates,137 U.S. 202), and that the courts of one independent government will not sit in judgment on the validity of the acts of another done within its own territory (Underhillv.Hernandez,168 U.S. 250,253;American Banana Co. v.UnitedFruit Co.,213 U.S. 347;Oetjenv.Central Leather Co.,ante, 297). This last rule, however, does not deprive the courts of jurisdiction once acquired over a case. It requires only that, when it is made to appear that the foreign government has acted in a given way on the subject-matter of the litigation, the details of such action or the merit of the result cannot be questioned but must be accepted by our courts as a rule for their decision. To accept a ruling authority and to decide accordingly is not a surrender or abandonment of jurisdiction but is an exercise of it. It results that the title to the property in this case must be determined by the result of the action taken by the military authorities of Mexico and that giving effect to this rule is an exercise of jurisdiction which requires that the first question be answered in the affirmative.Page 310
The second question reads:
"II. If [the first question is answered in the affirmative,] does the subsequent recognition by the United States Government of Carranza as the legitimate President of the Republic of Mexico and his government as the only legitimate government of the Republic of Mexico deprive this court of jurisdiction on this appeal to decide and adjudge the case on its merits?"
Our answer to the first requires a negative answer to this second question.
The third question reads:
"III. If question two is answered in the negative, did the seizure, condemnation, and sale of the bullion in the manner and for the purposes stated to be assumed in question one have the effect of divesting the title to or ownership of it of a certain citizen of the United States of America not in or a resident of Mexico when such seizure and condemnation occurred?"
The answer to this question must be in the affirmative for the reasons given and upon the authorities cited in the opinion recently announced in cases Nos. 268 and 269,Oetjenv.Central Leather Co. The fact that the title to the property in controversy may have been in an American citizen, who was not in or a resident of Mexico at the time it was seized for military purposes by the legitimate Government of Mexico, does not affect the rule of law that the act within its own boundaries of one sovereign State cannot become the subject of reexamination and modification in the courts of another. Such action, when shown to have been taken, becomes, as we have said, a rule of decision for the courts of this country. Whatever rights such an American citizen may have can be asserted only through the courts of Mexico or through the political departments of our Government. The first and third questions will be answered in the affirmative and the second in the negative.And it is so ordered.Page 311