Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Andrews v. Virginian Railway Co.

Andrews v. Virginian Ry. Co., 248 U.S. 272 (1919)

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1919-01-07
Topic: general

Mr. Chief Justice White, after making the foregoing statement of case, court. At the threshold, there arises a question of our juris'diction which we may not overlook and which we must therefore decide. The question is, has this court power by writ of error to review the judgment below; or, in other words, is the r authority of the court to review that judgment confined by the Act of September 6, 1916, c. 448, 39 Stat. 726,. to the right to do so by certiorari in the mode and time provided by that act? Considering the subject only from the character of the controversy, it is indisputable that the case comes within the generic class as to which the power to review by writ of error was taken away by the Act of 1916 and the authority to certiorari substituted.

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Andrews v. Virginian Railway Co.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by: 20 opinions

Headnotes

Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction — Finality of State Court Judgments A judgment of a state trial court is not final for purposes of review by the United States Supreme Court while it remains subject to discretionary review by the state's appellate court; the judgment becomes final only upon the appellate court's action declining to exercise that power, and the existence of the power of review, not the considerations governing its exercise, determines when the judgment attained finality. 248 U.S. at 274-276
Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction — Statutory Construction of Review Act A state trial court judgment that preceded the effective date of the Act of September 6, 1916, but that did not become final until the state appellate court declined review after the Act became operative, is treated in substance as a judgment rendered after the statute went into effect and is reviewable in the Supreme Court only by certiorari, not by writ of error. 248 U.S. at 275-277
Constitutional Law — Concurrent Authority of State and Federal Courts Treating a state court judgment as final, and thus reviewable by the Supreme Court, before the state appellate court has acted would leave the judgment simultaneously open to review and reversal by both the state appellate court and the Supreme Court, thereby undermining each court's authority and creating the possibility of conflict and confusion in the constitutional system. 248 U.S. at 276

ANDREWSv. VIRGINIAN RY. CO.,248 U.S. 272(1919)

39 S.Ct. 101

ANDREWS, ADMINISTRATRIX OF ANDREWS,v. VIRGINIAN RAILWAY COMPANY.

ERROR TO THE ROANOKE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, STATE OF VIRGINIA.

No. 82.

Argued December 16, 17, 1918.

Decided January 7, 1919.

A judgment of the Circuit Court of Virginia is not final for the purpose of review in this court while reviewable at discretion by the Court of Appeals of the State. Therefore, a case by its nature reviewable here only by certiorari under the Act of September 6, 1916, c. 448,39 Stat. 726, in which the Virginia Court of Appeals did not finally deny a writ of errorPage 273until November 13, 1916, cannot be brought here by writ of error, although the judgment of the Circuit Court preceded the act and the act excepts judgments rendered before it became operative,i.e., 30 days from its date. Writ of error dismissed.

To recover for the wrongful death of Andrews, a locomotive

engineer in the employ of the defendant in error, the plaintiff

in error, the representative of his estate, commenced this suit

in April, 1914. Both the Employers' Liability Act and the act of

Congress providing for the inspection of boilers of locomotives

were alleged. Act of April 22, 1908, c. 149,35 Stat. 65; Act of

February 17, 1911, c. 103,36 Stat. 913. On October 12, 1914,

there was a judgment on a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. A

writ of error having been allowed by the Court of Appeals of

Virginia, the judgment was, on January 13, 1916, reversed and the

case remanded for a new trial.Virginian Ry. Co. v.Andrews'

Admx.,118 Va. 482. The Circuit Court of Montgomery

County, in which the case was tried, thereupon, by consent of the

parties, transmitted it for trial to the Circuit Court of Roanoke

County, in which court, on the 16th day of June, 1916, there was

judgment in favor of the defendant. Thereupon a petition for writ

of error to review this judgment was separately and out of term

presented to the judges of the Court of Appeals and was denied,

and on the opening of the term was, in accordance with the

Virginia law, presented to the court, and was there finally

denied on November 13, 1916. Then, on the 27th of November, 1916,

a petition was presented to the presiding judge of the Circuit

Court of Roanoke County for the allowance of a writ of error from

this court, to review the judgment of that court of June 16,

1916, which was allowed, resulting in the case which is before

us.

Mr. A.P. StaplesandMr. A.B. Huntfor plaintiff in error.Page 274Mr. H.T. HallandMr. G.A. Wingfield, with whomMr. E.W.KnightandMr. W.H.T. Loyallwere on the brief, for defendant in error.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WHITE, after making the foregoing statement of the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

At the threshold, there arises a question of our jurisdiction which we may not overlook and which we must therefore decide. The question is, has this court power by writ of error to review the judgment below; or, in other words, is the authority of the court to review that judgment confined by the Act of September 6, 1916, c. 448,39 Stat. 726, to the right to do so by certiorari in the mode and time provided by that act? Considering the subject only from the character of the controversy, it is indisputable that the case comes within the generic class as to which the power to review by writ of error was taken away by the Act of 1916 and the authority to certiorari substituted. It results that, unless the judgment in question comes under some limitation or exception provided by the statute to the general rule which it establishes, we have no jurisdiction.

There is no room for such exception unless it results from the provision in the statute taking out of the reach of its terms judgments rendered before it became operative. The act was approved on September 6, 1916, and was made operative thirty days thereafter. In form, the judgment to which the writ of error was addressed was rendered on June 16, 1916, before the operation of the statute, and was therefore outside of its provisions. But the question remains, Was the judgment a final judgment at the date named, or did it become so only by the exercise by the Court of Appeals of its power as manifested by its declining to take jurisdiction on November 13, 1916,Page 275after the passage of the act. Undoubtedly, before the action of the Court of Appeals, the judgment was not final and was susceptible of being reviewed and reversed by that court. Undoubtedly, also, until the Court of Appeals acted, the trial court was not the court of last resort of the State whose action could be here reviewed. The contention, therefore, that the judgment of the trial court was a final judgment susceptible of being here reviewed by writ of error must rest upon the impossible assumption that the finality of that judgment existed before the happening of the cause by which alone finality could be attributed to it.

It is true that under the law of Virginia, in a case like this the power of the Court of Appeals to review the judgment of the trial court was gracious or discretionary, and not imperative or obligatory; but the existence of the power, and not the considerations moving to its exercise, is the criterion by which to determine whether the judgment of the trial court was final at the time of its apparent date, or became so only from the date of the happening of the condition — the action of the Court of Appeals — which gave to that judgment its only possible character of finality for the purpose of review in this court. Nor is the result thus stated a technical one, since it rests upon the broadest considerations inhering in the very nature of our constitutional system of government, and material, therefore, to the exercise by this court of its rightful authority. That this is true, would seem to be demonstrated by considering that if it were not so a judgment of a state court susceptible of being reviewed by this court would, notwithstanding that duty, be open at the same time to the power of a state court to review and reverse, thus, in substance, depriving each court of its power and begetting the possibility of conflict and confusion.

From this it follows that the judgment to which the writ of error was addressed was in substance a judgmentPage 276rendered after the going into effect of the Act of 1916, and was only reviewable by certiorari, as provided in that act. The writ of error, therefore, must be and it isDismissed for want of jurisdiction.