Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

The Pesaro

Pesaro, 255 U.S. 216 (1921)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1921-02-28
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • federal court’s in rem jurisdiction not barred by mere suggestion of foreign government’s ownership of vessel
  • "[T]he decree ends the suit as effectually as if it formally dismissed the libel. Obviously, therefore, it is final."

Citator

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Cited by
66 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Admiralty & Maritime Law — Finality of Decrees An admiralty decree that releases a vessel from arrest in a suit in rem on the ground that the vessel is immune from the court's process operates as a final decree, even though it does not in terms dismiss the libel, because it ends the suit as effectually as a formal dismissal of the libel would. 255 U.S. at 217
  2. Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Appellate Jurisdiction — Jurisdictional Questions Where a district court releases a vessel from arrest in admiralty upon a suggestion that the vessel, owned and possessed by a foreign power, is immune from the court's process, the question whether the statute conferring admiralty jurisdiction over "all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction" impliedly excepts such vessels is a jurisdictional question, because it directly concerns the court's power under federal law to entertain and determine the suit. 255 U.S. at 218
  3. International Law — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act A suggestion by a foreign ambassador, made directly to the court rather than through the official channels of the United States government, that a vessel arrested in admiralty is owned and possessed by his government and therefore beyond the court's jurisdiction cannot be entertained; the libelant's objection that the suggestion must come through official channels of the United States is well taken. 255 U.S. at 219 (citing Ex parte Muir, 254 U.S. 522)
  4. Admiralty & Maritime Law — Jurisdiction over Vessels — Foreign Government Ownership Where the only suggestion that a vessel is immune from the court's process is made directly by a foreign ambassador and must therefore be disregarded, and nothing else in the record points to an absence of jurisdiction, there is no basis for holding that the vessel is not subject to the court's process; whether the asserted immunity would defeat jurisdiction if properly presented and established in an appropriate manner is a question the court need not then decide. 255 U.S. at 219
THE PESARO,255 U.S. 216(1921)
41 S.Ct. 308
THE PESARO.1
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN
DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.
No. 317.
Argued January 26, 27, 1921.
Decided February 28, 1921.
1. A decree in admiralty releasing a vessel finally from arrest, in a suitin rem, upon the ground of her immunity to the process of the court, but not in terms dismissing the libel, is final. P. 217. 2. Whether from the jurisdiction over "all civil cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction," Jud. Code, § 24, cl. 3, there is an implied exception of trading vessels owned and possessed by foreign powers, is a jurisdictional question, in the sense of Jud. Code, § 238, governing appeals to this court from the District Courts. P. 218. 3. A suggestion that a vessel, arrested in admiralty, is owned and possessed by a foreign country and is, therefore, beyond the jurisdiction of the District Court, cannot be entertained if made by the ambassador of that country directly and not through the official channels of our government.Id. Exparte Muir,254 U.S. 522. Reversed.
THIS was a direct appeal to review a decree of the District
Court dismissing a libelin remfor want of jurisdiction over
the ship. The case is stated in the opinion.
Mr. Oscar R. HoustonandMr. Harold V. Amberg, with whomMr. D. Roger Englarwas on the brief, for appellants.Mr. John M. Woolseyfor appellee.
MR. JUSTICE VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the court.
ThePesaroan Italian steamship which carried a shipment of olive oil from Genoa to New York, was suedin remPage 217in admiralty in the District Court to enforce a claim for damage to that part of her cargo, the libel alleging that she was a "general ship engaged in the common carriage of merchandise by water, for hire." The usual process issued and the ship was arrested. Afterwards, upon a direct suggestion by the Italian Ambassador that the ship was owned by the Italian Government and at the time of the arrest was in its possession, and therefore was not subject to the court's process, the court vacated the arrest. The libelants objected that a direct suggestion by the Ambassador was not admissible and that, to be entertained, the suggestion should come through official channels of the United States; but the objection was overruled. The libelants then requested permission to traverse the suggestion and to make a showing in opposition; but the request was denied, the court holding that to controvert or question the suggestion was not allowable. The libelants appealed directly to this court and in that connection the District Court certified the ground of its decisions as follows:

"I do certify that the vessel was released from arrest by me by a final decree herein, solely because I deemed that the United States District Court, sitting as a Court of Admiralty, has no jurisdiction to subject to its process a steamship, which is by the suggestion of the said Italian Ambassador filed in this Court represented to be the public property and in the possession of the Kingdom of Italy."

Our authority to entertain the appeal is challenged upon two grounds. One is that the decree is not final, because it does not dismiss the libel. That it does not formally do so is true, but this is not decisive. The suit isin rem— is against the ship. The decree holds for naught the process under which the ship was arrested, declares she is not subject to any such process and directs her release — in other words, dismisses her without day. Thus the decree ends the suit as effectually as if it formally dismissed the libel.Page 218Obviously, therefore, it is final. That it was intended to be so is shown by the court's certificate.

The other ground is that the question raised and decided was not a jurisdictional one in the sense of the statute, Jud. Code, § 238, providing for an appeal or writ of error from a District Court directly to this court "in any case in which the jurisdiction of the court is in issue." But we think it was such a question, because it directly concerned the power of the District Court, as defined by the laws of the United States, to entertain and determine the suit.The Steamship Jefferson,215 U.S. 130,137-138;The Ira M. Hedges,218 U.S. 264,270;United Statesv.Congress Construction Co.,222 U.S. 199. By the Judicial Code, § 24, cl. 3, the District Courts are invested with original jurisdiction of "all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction"; and this is a suit of that character. Whether Congress intended this statute should include suits against ships such as thePesarois represented to be in the Ambassador's suggestion, when they are within the waters of the United States, is as yet an open question. The statute contains no express exception of them; but it may be that they are impliedly excepted.The Exchange, 7 Cranch, 116, 136, 146. If so, the implication is a part of the statute.United Statesv.Babbit, 1 Black, 55, 61;South Carolinav.United States,199 U.S. 437,451. Thus, the answer to the question propounded to the District Court involved a construction of the statute defining its jurisdiction in admiralty.

We come then to consider whether the court erred in sustaining the Ambassador's suggestion that the ship was not subject to its process. Apart from that suggestion, there was nothing pointing to an absence of jurisdiction. On the contrary, what was said in the libel pointed plainly to its presence. The suggestion was made directly to the court and not through any official channel of the United States. True, it was accompanied by a certificate of thePage 219Secretary of State stating that the Ambassador was the duly accredited diplomatic representative of Italy, but while that established his diplomatic status it gave no sanction to the suggestion. The terms and form of the suggestion show that the Ambassador did not intend thereby to put himself or the Italian Government in the attitude of a suitor, but only to present a respectful suggestion and invite the court to give effect to it. He called it a "suggestion" and we think it was nothing more. In these circumstances the libelants' objection that, to be entertained, the suggestion should come through official channels of the United States was well taken.Ex parte Muir,254 U.S. 522. And seeUnited Statesv.Lee,106 U.S. 196,209. With the suggestion eliminated, as it should have been, there obviously was no basis for holding that the ship was not subject to the court's process. What the decree should have been if the matters affirmed in the suggestion had been brought to the court's attention and established in an appropriate way we have no occasion to consider now. An opportunity so to present and establish them should be accorded when the case goes back, as it must.Decree reversed.
  1. Page 216 The docket title of this case is:Luzzato et al., copartnerstrading under the firm name of Giovanni Luzzato Son,v.TheSteamship "Pesaro," etc. ↩