Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Packer Corp. v. Utah

285 U.S. 105

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1932-02-23
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that regulation of commercial advertising did not violate federal equal protection
  • rejecting Equal Protection challenge to ban on cigarette billboards, excepting, inter alia, the premises of any dealer in such products
  • upholding a Utah statute banning outdoor advertisements of cigarettes and describing it as a "wholly intrastate" prohibition
  • billboards are "seen without the exercise of choice or volition," and viewers have the message "thrust upon them by all the arts and devices that skill can produce"
  • "[T]he state may, under the police power, regulate the business of selling tobacco products and the advertising connected therewith."
  • The Court found that for preemption purposes, historic police power of the states includes restrictions on size and placement of outdoor advertisements.
  • “It is a reasonable ground of classification that the State has power to legislate with respect to persons in certain situations and not with respect to those in a different one”
  • “It is a reasonable ground of classification that the state has power to legislate with respect to persons in certain situations and not with respect to those in a different one.”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Packer Corp. v. Utah. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status
pending
Cited by
144 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection A state may regulate the sale and advertising of tobacco products under its police power, and a classification that exempts newspaper and periodical advertising from an advertising ban does not violate the equal protection clause where the exemption was adopted to comply with the commerce clause as construed by the state's highest court, since action taken by a state to observe one constitutional prohibition does not entail the violation of another. 285 U.S. at 108-110
  2. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection It is a reasonable ground of classification that the state has power to legislate with respect to persons in certain situations and not with respect to those in a different situation. 285 U.S. at 110
  3. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection A legislature may recognize degrees of evil and adapt its legislation accordingly; the distinction between billboard and street-car advertising, which is thrust upon observers without their choice, and newspaper and magazine advertising, which is seen only as a matter of choice, justifies classifying the former for regulation or prohibition without offending equal protection. 285 U.S. at 110
  4. Constitutional Law — Due Process Where a statute deals with a subject within the scope of the police power, making it illegal to carry out a contract under which prohibited advertising was displayed does not take property without due process of law, absent facts establishing either that the evil aimed at does not exist or that the statutory remedy is inappropriate. 285 U.S. at 111
  5. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A statute prohibiting the display of posters on permanently located billboards does not impose an unreasonable restraint on interstate commerce, even where the posters were shipped in from another state, because the statute is aimed not at their importation but at their use after the interstate movement has ceased, and its prohibition is non-discriminatory, applying regardless of the origin of the poster. 285 U.S. at 111-112
  6. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause The commerce clause interposes no barrier to a state's effective control of advertising that is essentially local, whatever the limitations on state power to regulate solicitation and advertisement incident to an exclusively interstate business. 285 U.S. at 112
PACKER CORPORATIONv. UTAH,285 U.S. 105(1932)
52 S.Ct. 273
PACKER CORPORATIONv. UTAH.
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF UTAH.
No. 357.
Argued January 20, 1932.
Decided February 23, 1932.
A statute of Utah forbids the advertising of cigarettes and other tobacco products on billboards, street car signs, and placards, but does not apply to advertising in newspapers and periodicals, this exemption having been introduced to avoid conflict with the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution as construed by the State's highest court. A billboard company was convicted for displaying a poster advertising a brand of cigarettes. Both poster and cigarettes were manufactured outside of the State and shipped into it by a foreign corporation; and the advertising was done under contract with an agency in another State. It was conceded that the regulation of the local sale and advertising of tobacco products was within the police power of the State.Held:1. The amendment exempting advertising in newspapers and periodicals to avoid conflict with the commerce clause, did not produce a discrimination violative of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. P. 108. 2. It is a reasonable ground of classification that the State has power to legislate with respect to persons in certain situations and not with respect to those in a different one. P. 110. 3. The discrimination between billboard and newspaper advertising was not an arbitrary classification. The legislature may recognize degrees of evil and adapt its legislation accordingly.Id.Page 1064. In making it illegal to carry out the contract under which the advertising was being done, the statute does not violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since the subject of the legislation was within the police power of the State. P. 111. 5. In preventing the display, for intrastate advertising, of posters shipped in from another State, the statute does not impose an unreasonable restraint upon interstate commerce.Id.78 Utah 177;2 P.2d 114, affirmed.
APPEAL from a judgment affirming a conviction for displaying a
billboard poster advertising cigarettes.
Messrs. Gardner AbbottandWilliam H. Reeder, Jr., with whomMessrs. Dan B. ShieldsandW.T. Kinderwere on the brief, for appellant.

Upon the question of discrimination they cited:LouisvilleGas Co. v.Coleman,277 U.S. 32,37;Connollyv.UnionSewer Pipe Co.,184 U.S. 540,558;Power Mfg. Co. v.Saunders,274 U.S. 490,493;Smithv.Cahoon,283 U.S. 553,566.

AlsoTruaxv.Corrigan,257 U.S. 312,332;Hayesv.Missouri,120 U.S. 68,71;Gulf, C. S.F. Ry. Co. v.Ellis,165 U.S. 150,155;Cottingv.Kansas City Stock YardsCo.,183 U.S. 79,111;Statev.Packer Corp.,297 P. 1013,1022.

To make it illegal for the appellant to carry out its contract by a statute so unreasonable and arbitrary as this, is to deprive the appellant of property without due process of law.PrudentialIns. Co. v.Cheek,259 U.S. 530,536;Wolff Co. v.Industrial Court,262 U.S. 522,534;Liberty Warehouse Co. v.Burley Tobacco Assn.,276 U.S. 71,97;Fairmont Creamery Co. v.Minnesota,274 U.S. 1.

The advertisements which were sent into the State from a foreign State for the purpose of being posted were articles in interstate commerce, and prohibiting their display was an undue restraint of interstate commerce.Ramsey Co. v.Bill PostersAssn.,260 U.S. 501;Binderupv.Pathe Exchange,263 U.S. 291,309;Illinois Cent. R.Page 107Co. v.Railroad Commission,236 U.S. 157,163;WesternUnionv.Foster,247 U.S. 105,113;Western Oil Rfg. Co. v.Lipscomb,244 U.S. 346,349.Messrs. George P. Parker, Attorney General of Utah, andByron D. Anderson, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.
Section 2, of c. 145, Laws of Utah, 1921, as amended by c. 52, § 2, Laws of 1923, and c. 92, Laws of 1929, provides:

"It shall be a misdemeanor for any person, company, or corporation, to display on any bill board, street car sign, street car, placard, or on any other object or place of display, any advertisement of cigarettes, cigarette papers, cigars, chewing tobacco, or smoking tobacco, or any disguise or substitute of either, except that a dealer in cigarettes, cigarette papers, tobacco or cigars or their substitutes, may have a sign on the front of his place of business stating that he is a dealer in such articles, provided that nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit the advertising of cigarettes, cigarette papers, chewing tobacco, smoking tobacco, or any disguise or substitute of either in any newspaper, magazine, or periodical printed or circulating in the State of Utah."

The Packer Corporation, a Delaware corporation engaged in billboard advertising and authorized to do business in Utah, was prosecuted under this statute for displaying a large poster advertising Chesterfield cigarettes on a billboard owned by it and located in Salt Lake City. The poster was displayed pursuant to a general contract for advertising Chesterfield cigarettes, made by the defendant with an advertising agency in the State of Ohio. Both the poster and the cigarettes advertised were manufactured without the State of Utah and were shipped intoPage 108it by Liggett Myers Tobacco Company, a foreign corporation. The defendant claimed that the statute violates several provisions of the Federal Constitution; the objections were overruled; and the defendant was convicted and sentenced. On the authority of its recent decision inStatev.Packer Corp.,297 P. 1013, the highest court of the State affirmed the judgment of the trial court.2 P.2d 114. The case is here on appeal under § 237(a) of the Judicial Code, as amended by the Act of February 13, 1925, c. 229,43 Stat. 937.

It is not denied that the State may, under the police power, regulate the business of selling tobacco products, compareGundlingv.Chicago,177 U.S. 183,188;Austinv.Tennessee,179 U.S. 343,348; and the advertising connected therewith, compareRastv.Van Deman Lewis Co.,240 U.S. 342,364,365;Tannerv.Little,240 U.S. 369,384,385. The claim is that because of its peculiar provisions the statute violates the Federal Constitution.First. The contention mainly urged is that the statute violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; that in discriminating between the display by appellant of tobacco advertisements upon billboards and the display by others of such advertisements in newspapers, magazines or periodicals, it makes an arbitrary classification. The history of the legislation shows that the charge is unfounded. In Utah no one may sell cigarettes or cigarette papers without a license.1Since 1890, it has been the persistent policy, first of the Territory and then of the State, to prevent the use of tobacco by minors, and to discourage its use by adults. Giving tobacco to a minor, as well as selling it, is a misdemeanor.2Page 109So is permitting a minor to frequent any place of business while in the act of using tobacco in any form.3Mere possession of tobacco by the minor is made a crime.4And smoking by anyone in any enclosed public place (except a public smoking room designated as such by a conspicuous sign at or near the entrance) is a misdemeanor.5In 1921, the legislature enacted a general prohibition of the sale or giving away of cigarettes or cigarette papers to any person, and of their advertisement in any form. Laws of Utah, 1921, c. 145, §§ 1, 2. After two years, however, the plan of absolute prohibition of sale was abandoned in favor of a license system. Laws of Utah, 1923, c. 52, § 1. But the provision against advertisements was retained, broadened to include tobacco in most other forms. In 1926, this statute was held void under the commerce clause, as applied to an advertisement of cigarettes manufactured in another State, inserted in a Utah newspaper which circulated in other States.Statev.Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Co.,68 Utah 187;249 P. 474. Thereupon the legislature, unwilling to abandon altogether its declared policy, amended the law by striking out the provision which prohibited advertising in newspapers and periodicals. The classification alleged to be arbitrary was made in order to comply with the requirement of the Federal Constitution as interpreted and applied by the highest court of the State. Action by a State taken to observe one prohibition of the Constitution does not entail the violation of another.J.E.Raley Bros. v.Richardson,264 U.S. 157,160;Des MoinesNat. Bankv.Fairweather,263 U.S. 103,116,117. CompareDolleyPage 110v.Abilene Nat. Bank, 179 F. 461, 463, 464. It is a reasonable ground of classification that the State has power to legislate with respect to persons in certain situations and not with respect to those in a different one.6CompareWilliamsv.Walsh,222 U.S. 415,420.

Moreover, as the state court has shown, there is a difference which justifies the classification between display advertising and that in periodicals or newspapers: "Billboards, street car signs, and placards and such are in a class by themselves. They are wholly intrastate, and the restrictions apply without discrimination to all in the same class. Advertisements of this sort are constantly before the eyes of observers on the streets and in street cars to be seen without the exercise of choice or volition on their part. Other forms of advertising are ordinarily seen as a matter of choice on the part of the observer. The young people as well as the adults have the message of the billboard thrust upon them by all the arts and devices that skill can produce. In the case of newspapers and magazines, there must be some seeking by the one who is to see and read the advertisement. The radio can be turned off, but not so the billboard or street car placard. These distinctions clearly place this kind of advertisement in a position to be classified so that regulations or prohibitions may be imposed upon all within the class. This is impossible with respect to newspapers and magazines."297 P. 1013,1019. The legislature may recognize degrees of evil and adapt its legislation accordingly.Page 111Millerv.Wilson,236 U.S. 373,384;Truaxv.Raich,239 U.S. 33,43.Second. The defendant contends that to make it illegal to carry out the contract under which the advertisement was displayed takes its property without due process of law because it arbitrarily curtails liberty of contract. The contention is without merit. The law deals confessedly with a subject within the scope of the police power. No facts are brought to our attention which establish either that the evil aimed at does not exist or that the statutory remedy is inappropriate.O'GormanYoungv.Hartford Fire Insurance Co.,282 U.S. 251,257;Hardware Dealers Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v.Glidden Co.,284 U.S. 151.Third. The defendant contends also that the statute imposes an unreasonable restraint upon interstate commerce because it prevents the display on billboards of posters shipped from another State. It does not appear from the record that the defendant is the owner of the posters. Its interest is merely in its billboards located in the State, upon which it displays advertisements for which it is paid. So far as the posters are concerned, assuming them to be articles of commerce, compareCharles A. Ramsay Co. v.Associated Bill Posters,260 U.S. 501,511, the statute is aimed, not at their importation, but at their use when affixed to billboards permanently located in the State. CompareBrowningv.Waycross,233 U.S. 16,22,23;General Railway Signal Co. v.Virginia,246 U.S. 500,510. The prohibition is non-discriminatory, applying regardless of the origin of the poster. Its operation is wholly intrastate, beginning after the interstate movement of the poster has ceased. CompareHygrade Provision Co. v.Sherman,266 U.S. 497,503;Hebe Co. v.Shaw,248 U.S. 297,304. See alsoCorn ProductsRefining Co. v.Eddy,249 U.S. 427,433. To sustain thePage 112defendant's contention would be to hold that the posters, because of their origin, were entitled to permanent immunity from the exercise of state regulatory power. The Federal Constitution does not so require. CompareMutual Film Corp. v.IndustrialCommission,236 U.S. 230,240,241. So far as the articles advertised are concerned, the solicitation of the advertisements, it may be assumed, is directed toward intrastate sales. CompareDi Santov.Pennsylvania,273 U.S. 34. Whatever may be the limitations upon the power of the State to regulate solicitation and advertisement incident to an exclusively interstate business, the commerce clause interposes no barrier to its effective control of advertising essentially local. CompareJell-O Co. v.Landes,20 F.2d 120,121;International Text-Book Co. v.District of Columbia,35 App.D.C. 307,311,312.Affirmed.
  1. Page 108 Laws of Utah, 1921, c. 145, § 1, as amended, Laws of 1923, c. 52, § 1; Laws of 1925, c. 68; Laws of 1930, c. 5, § 1. ↩
  2. Page 108 Laws of Utah, 1890, c. 65, § 1, as amended, Laws of 1911, c. 51; Laws of 1930, c. 5, § 1(k). ↩
  3. Page 109 Laws of Utah, 1921, c. 145, § 3. See Laws of 1923, c. 52, § 1. ↩
  4. Page 109 Laws of Utah, 1903, c. 135, as amended, Laws of 1911, c. 51; Laws of 1913, c. 59. ↩
  5. Page 109 Laws of Utah, 1921, c. 145, § 4, as amended, Laws of 1923, c. 52, § 4. ↩
  6. Page 110 A contention was made in argument that the State had not in fact acted upon this basis of classification since the statute makes no distinction as to newspapers and magazines circulating solely in intrastate commerce. But the record does not indicate the existence of any such publications. Moreover, the administrative difficulties of any effort to make the applicability of the statute depend upon the character of the circulation of a particular newspaper or magazine would be such as to justify the exclusion of the entire class. ↩