Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Broderick v. Rosner

Broderick v. Rosner, 294 U.S. 629 (1935)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1935-04-01
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • New Jersey may not enforce a jurisdictional statute that would permit enforcement of certain claims under New Jersey law but "deny the enforcement" of similar, valid claims under New York law
  • law of state of incorporation looked to “as marriage looks to domicile”
  • “[A state] may not, under the guise of merely affecting the remedy, deny the enforcement of claims otherwise within the protection of the full faith and credit clause, when its courts have general jurisdiction of the subject-matter and the parties.”

Citator

Broderick v. Rosner has been questioned or limited by later authorities: relies on overruled authority: 52 S. Ct. 571 (overruled by Carroll v. Lanza, 349 U.S. 408 (1955)). Read them before relying on it. 142 later decisions cite it.

Authority status
caution
Cited by
142 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Full Faith and Credit A state may not escape its obligations under the full faith and credit clause by the simple device of denying jurisdiction in such cases to courts otherwise competent; while a state may determine the limits of jurisdiction of its courts and the character of controversies heard therein, that power is subject to the limitations of the Federal Constitution, and the state may not, under the guise of merely affecting the remedy, deny enforcement of claims otherwise within the protection of the full faith and credit clause when its courts have general jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties. 294 U.S. at 642–643
  2. Constitutional Law — Full Faith and Credit A statutory stockholder assessment liability is contractual in character and is an incident of incorporation, so that the subject matter is peculiarly within the regulatory power of the state of incorporation, and no other state properly can be said to have any public policy thereon; stockholders, by becoming members of the corporation, submit themselves to the jurisdiction and laws of the incorporating state, and a local policy enabling residents to escape a voluntarily assumed statutory obligation to contribute to the payment of depositors of a bank of another state cannot be recognized. 294 U.S. at 643–644
  3. Constitutional Law — Full Faith and Credit The full faith and credit clause applies to an assessment made under statutory direction by an administrative officer; the clause requires enforcement of such an assessment not because the determination is embodied in a judgment, but because statutes are public acts within the meaning of the clause and the resident stockholders, by becoming stockholders of a corporation of the enacting state, submitted themselves to that extent to its jurisdiction and laws. 294 U.S. at 644
  4. Constitutional Law — Full Faith and Credit The fact that an administrative determination of an assessment may be subject to attack in a suit brought in the state where made, or elsewhere, does not justify another state in refusing to take jurisdiction of a suit to enforce the assessment, where the complaint sets forth a good cause of action and the enacting state's statutory provision making the officer's written statement presumptive evidence establishes merely a rule of evidence rather than opening the determination to collateral attack as a rule of substantive law. 294 U.S. at 645–646
BRODERICKv. ROSNER,294 U.S. 629(1935)
55 S.Ct. 589
BRODERICK, SUPERINTENDENT OF BANKS OF NEW YORK,v. ROSNER ET AL.
APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF ERRORS AND APPEALS OF NEW JERSEY.
No. 528.
Argued February 15, 1935.
Decided April 1, 1935.
A statute of New Jersey (Corporation Act, § 94(b)) provides that no proceeding may be maintained in the courts of that State to enforce a stockholder's statutory personal liability arising under the laws of another State, except suits in the nature of "an equitable accounting for the proportionate benefit of all parties interested, to which such corporation and its legal representatives, if any, and all of its creditors and all of its stockholders shall be necessary parties." The Superintendent of Banks of New York brought an action in a New Jersey court against 557 New Jersey stockholders of a New York bank, to recover unpaid assessments levied upon them pursuant to the banking laws of New York. The bank had altogether 20,843 stockholders and more than 400,000 depositors and other creditors, many of whom resided elsewhere than in New Jersey. The court held the action barred by the New Jersey statute; suggested that leave might be granted to file a bill in equity pursuant thereto.Held:1. The New Jersey statute, as here applied, effectively denies to the Superintendent the right to resort to the courts of that State to enforce the liability of stockholders residing there; the complaint conformed to the New Jersey practice and the action would have been entertained but for the statute. Pp. 639, 640. 2. The nature of the cause of action brings it within the scope of the full faith and credit clause; the subject matter is not such as permits considerations of local policy to dominate rules of comity. P. 643. 3. That the assessment was made under statutory direction by an administrative officer does not preclude the application of the full faith and credit clause. P. 644. 4. That the administrative determination of the assessment made in New York may be subject to collateral attack does not justify the New Jersey court in refusing to take jurisdiction of the Superintendent's suit. P. 646.Page 6305. Question whether Superintendent's determinations as to the propriety and amount of the assessment are conclusive, not decided. P. 646. 6. The full faith and credit clause requires that the action of the Superintendent in this case be entertained. P. 647.113 N.J.L. 305;174 A. 507, reversed.
APPEAL from a judgment affirming a judgment sustaining a
motion to strike out the complaint in an action brought in the
Supreme Court of New Jersey by the Superintendent of Banks of New
York to enforce an assessment levied on stockholders pursuant to
the banking laws of New York.
Messrs. Carl J. AustrianandJames D. Carpenter, Jr., with whomMessrs. Arthur OfnerandHarold N. Cohenwere on the brief, for appellant.

Under § 80 of the New York Banking Law, as interpreted by the New York courts, the levy of an assessment by the Superintendent of Banks is an official or public act, and conclusive in the absence of fraud, bad faith, or clear error of law.

Under Art. IV, § 1, of the Federal Constitution, New Jersey is required: (1) To permit enforcement against stockholders of New York banks residing in New Jersey of the assessment liability provided under Art.VIII, §7, of the New York Constitution and §§ 80 and 120 of the New York Banking Law; and (2) To recognize the official determination by the New York Superintendent of Banks of the necessity of such assessment, made pursuant to the provisions of § 80 of the New York Banking Law.

The requirement that the assessment may only be enforced through an accounting by a bill in equity, denies to the determination of the Superintendent that conclusive effect which attaches to it under the laws of New York. It amounts to a denial of the right of the Superintendent to resort to the courts of New Jersey in this case,Page 631and thus violates the full faith and credit clause and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.Mr. Walter J. Bilder, with whomMr. Nathan Bilderwas on the brief, for Mary Rosner et al., appellees.

The full faith and credit clause does not compel a State to open and lend its courts to the prosecution of a suit based upon a cause of action created by the statutes of another State.Texas Pacific R. Co. v.Cox,145 U.S. 593;Chambersv.Baltimore Ohio R. Co.,207 U.S. 142;Spokane I.E.R. Co. v.Whitley,237 U.S. 487;Union Trust Co. v.Grosman,245 U.S. 412;Atchison, T. S.F. Ry. Co. v.Nichols,264 U.S. 348;Bradford Electric Light Co. v.Clapper,286 U.S. 145;Doughertyv.American McKenna Process Co.,255 Ill. 369.

The full faith and credit clause establishes a rule of evidence rather than of jurisdiction.Anglo-American ProvisionCo. v.Davis Provision Co.,191 U.S. 373;Huntingtonv.Attrill,146 U.S. 657;Wisconsinv.Pelican Insurance Co.,127 U.S. 265. The clause obviously can require no more than this: that when a court of one State does entertain a suit which involves a matter as to which the rights of the parties are, on general legal principles, governed by the statutes of another State, the court (of the forum) shall permit those statutes to be put in evidence and shall accord to them the probative effect of establishing those rights. This requirement, however, is far different from a mandate to the courts of each Statein invitumto take jurisdiction of suits based upon causes of action created by the statutes of other States. Cases distinguished:Pulsiferv.Greene,96 Me. 438;Royal Arcanumv.Green,237 U.S. 531;Bradford Electric Light Co. v.Clapper,286 U.S. 145;Modern Woodmen of Americav.Mixer,267 U.S. 544;Whitmanv.National Bank,176 U.S. 559;Dennickv.Central R. Co.,103 U.S. 11;Hancock National Bankv.Farnum,176 U.S. 640;ConversePage 632v.Hamilton,224 U.S. 243;Conversev.Aetna National Bank,212 U.S. 565;Bernheimerv.Converse,206 U.S. 516;TexasPacific R. Co. v.Cox,145 U.S. 593;Marinv.Augedahl,247 U.S. 142;Kennedyv.Gibson, 8 Wall. 498. There is a fundamental difference between the effect which the full faith and credit clause and the related Act of Congress secure to a foreign judgment, and the effect which they secure to a foreign statute.

The determination of the Superintendent is not conclusive under the laws of New York; but only presumptive evidence. This provision of the New York statute is not binding upon and would not be recognized by the courts of other States. It is a mere rule of procedure.

But even if the Superintendent's determination were conclusive under the laws of New York, the courts of New Jersey would be under no constitutional obligation to give it the same conclusive effect in New Jersey; for that determination is not a judgment or judicial proceeding (Const., Art. IV, § 1; Rev. Stats., § 905). Nor is his determination a public act within the meaning of the full faith and credit clause, since it is not a statute. By making no provision as to any other "public acts," Congress evinced its own understanding that no other acts were intended by the constitutional clause. Accord:Bradford Electric Light Co. v.Clapper,286 U.S. 145.

Even if appellant were permitted by the New Jersey law to prosecute his action in a court of law he would be put to the same proof as he would in a court of equity in New Jersey. Hence, appellant's complaint against the New Jersey statute on the score of its requiring him to bring an equity action in the nature of an accounting instead of an action at law is without substance. Distinguishing:Whitmanv.National Bank,176 U.S. 559;Hancockv.Farnum,176 U.S. 640.

The argument based on the impracticability of the equity remedy is irrelevant to any constitutional questionPage 633in this case. The question is whether that which the New Jersey statute prohibits is constitutional; not whether that which it permits is legally valid or available. Furthermore, the criticism derived from the large number of the depositors and stockholders, does not arise from any intrinsic fault in the New Jersey statute but from a mere circumstance connected with the New York bank itself.

The absolute right of a stockholder to have a court pass upon the necessity for and extent of the enforcement of stockholders' liability in a judicial proceeding was declared by the highest court of New York in the case ofAssets Realization Co. v.Howard,211 N.Y. 430.

The New Jersey statute and judgment do not deprive the creditors of the Bank of their property without due process of law, or violate the constitutional provision guaranteeing privileges of citizens.Mr. David Friedenberg, with whomMessrs. Howard Ewart,Benjamin Gross, andJames Mercer Daviswere on the brief, for Charles P. Anderson et al., appellees.

Section 94b of the New Jersey Corporation Act, and the judgment of the court below based thereon, do not violate the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution, Art. IV, § 1.

The assessment by the Superintendent of Banks of New York is not conclusive under the law of that State.

The assessment is not a public act within the meaning of the constitutional provision.Crippin, Lawrence Co. v.Laighton,69 N.H. 540. Concededly, the Constitution and banking laws of New York upon which appellant founds his alleged cause of action are public acts within the meaning of the constitutional provision.Bradford Electric Light Co. v.Clapper,286 U.S. 145,154,155.

The assessment is not a judicial proceeding within the full faith and credit clause.

The National banking assessment cases are not in point.Page 634

The full faith and credit clause does not require a State to provide a court and method of enforcement of judgments of sister States.Wisconsinv.Pelican Insurance Co.,127 U.S. 265;Andrewsv.Andrews,188 U.S. 14;Alabama State Bankv.Dalton, 9 How. 522.

The full faith and credit clause is not jurisdictional, but merely provides a rule of evidence.McElmoylev.Cohen, 13 Pet. 312;Wisconsinv.Pelican Insurance Co.,127 U.S. 265,292;Anglo-American Provision Co. v.Davis Provision Co.,191 U.S. 373;Cliffordv.Williams, 131 F. 100;Israelv.Israel, 130 F. 237. And one very important and logical result of this statement is that a State need not provide a court within which, and a procedure by which, the judgment of a sister State may be sued upon.Anglo-American Provision Co. case,supra. See also:Weidmanv.Weidman,274 Mass. 118.

Section 94b of the New Jersey Corporation Act plainly intends that the law courts of New Jersey should not have jurisdiction over suits to enforce the statutory liability of stockholders of foreign corporations, and that the Court of Chancery of New Jersey should have sole jurisdiction to entertain such suits. The statute is thus in the same category as the section of the New York Code of Civil Procedure referred to in theAnglo-AmericanProvision Companycase,supra.

It is respectfully submitted that, under the authority of the case ofAnglo-American Provision Co. v.Davis Provision Co.,supra, a State could constitutionally pass an act, the effect of which would be that the State did not provide any means of enforcing a judgment of a sister State; and if it provided a certain remedy for enforcing such judgment, whether the same were a reasonable remedy or otherwise, it could not be compelled to afford a different procedure.

Distinguishing:Bernheimerv.Converse,206 U.S. 516;Conversev.Aetna National Bank,212 U.S. 567;ConversePage 635v.Hamilton,224 U.S. 243;Seligv.Hamilton,234 U.S. 652; andMarinv.Augedahl,247 U.S. 142. In none of them was there involved a statute passed by the legislature of the forum in which the plaintiff chose to bring his suit to enforce the stockholder's liability to assessment, which deprived the courts of that State of jurisdiction to determine a suit of that nature. The only point made therein was that a court of one State, having general jurisdiction, could not on the ground of policy or in its discretion refuse to enforce the judgment or give effect to the judicial proceedings of a sister State.

The State of New Jersey is not required by the full faith and credit clause to enforce in its courts the cause of action created by the New York Constitution and banking laws in favor of appellant, whether the liability of the shareholders thereunder be deemed contractual or otherwise.Wisconsinv.PelicanInsurance Co.,127 U.S. 265.

The decisions of this Court involving the Minnesota laws were based upon the existence of judicial proceedings in that State.

The public acts, i.e., statutes, of one State are not required by the full faith and credit clause to be given in every other State the same effect as they have in the State of their enactment.

Causes of action created by the laws of a State are enforced in a sister State only by comity.Bank of Augustav.Earle, 13 Pet. 519;Loucksv.Standard Oil Co.,224 N.Y. 99;Stewartv.Baltimore Ohio R. Co.,168 U.S. 445;Brownv.Perry,104 Vt. 66;Texas Pacific R. Co. v.Cox,145 U.S. 593;Dexterv.Edmands, 89 F. 467;Hancock National Bankv.Ellis,172 Mass. 39;State ex rel. Bossungv.DistrictCourt,140 Minn. 494;Flaggv.Baldwin,38 N.J. Eq. 219;Broderickv.Stephano,314 Pa. 408;Bondv.Hume,243 U.S. 15,22.

Under the doctrine of comity, a State may constitutionally refuse to enforce a transitory cause of action createdPage 636by the laws of a sister State.Chambersv.Baltimore Ohio R.Co.,207 U.S. 142;Doughertyv.McKenna Process Co.,255 Ill. 369;Spokane I.E.R. Co. v.Whitley,237 U.S. 487;Bradford Electric Light Co. v.Clapper,286 U.S. 145,160;Home Insurance Co. v.Dick,281 U.S. 397,409.

The refusal of New Jersey to extend its comity so as to enforce appellant's alleged cause of action in its Supreme Court does not raise a federal question, and, therefore, is not reviewable by this Court.

Section 94b of the New Jersey Corporation Act does not violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The judgment below was properly entered, and the propriety of such entry is not reviewable by this Court.

Appellant, as Superintendent of Banks of New York, is without right or authority to maintain the alleged cause of action in New Jersey.Mr. J.H. Harrisonsubmitted for The Bobdon Co. et al., appellees.

The Superintendent of Banks of New York is a mere statutory receiver, does not have title to the assets of the bank, and has not, as of right, any standing in courts outside of the State of New York.Matter of Union Bank,204 N.Y. 313;Yokohama SpecieBankv.Chinese Merchants Bank,219 A.D. 256.

The Superintendent may obtain access to the courts of New Jersey only through the exercise of comity.

The courts of law of New Jersey are not the proper forum for the enforcement of this assessment.

Section 94b of the Corporation Act of New Jersey does not violate the Constitution of the United States or Amendments thereof.Western National Bankv.Reckless, 96 F. 70;Missouriv.Lewis,101 U.S. 22.

It has generally been held by the courts that the full faith and credit clause is not jurisdictional but merelyPage 637provides a rule of evidence.Anglo-American Provision Co. v.Davis Provision Co.,191 U.S. 373;Cliffordv.Williams, 131 F. 100;Israelv.Israel, 130 F. 237.

It is important to note that in this case there has been no judicial proceeding of any kind in the State of New York by virtue of which the relation between the Superintendent of Banks and the Bank of the United States was fixed. SeeMcKnettv.St. Louis S.F.R. Co.,292 U.S. 230.

It would be most unreasonable and unjust for this Court to hold that a State is compelled by the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution to give effect to theex partedetermination of an administrative officer of another State.

Section 94b is not violative of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The entry of a judgment, final in form, by the New Jersey Supreme Court was proper.

By leave of Court,Mr. John W. Bricker, Attorney General of Ohio, andMessrs. W. Dale DunifonandJ. Roth Crabbefiled a brief on behalf of Mr. Samuel H. Squire, Superintendent of Banks of Ohio, asamicus curiae, supporting the contention of appellant that § 94b of the New Jersey Corporation Act is unconstitutional.
MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.
Pursuant to ArticleVIII, §7, of the Constitution of New York, its Banking Law (Consolidated Laws, Chapter Two) provides, § 120:

"The stockholders of every bank will be individually responsible, equally and ratably and not one for another, for all contracts, debts and engagements of the bank, to the extent of the amount of their stock therein, at the par value thereof, in addition to the amount invested in such shares."Page 638

The Bank of the United States is a corporation organized under the Banking Law of New York and had its places of business in New York City. Its outstanding capital stock is $25,250,000 represented by 1,010,000 shares of $25 par value. On November 17, 1933, Joseph A. Broderick, as Superintendent of Banks of the State of New York, brought, in the Supreme Court of New Jersey, this action against 557 of its stockholders who are residents of New Jersey, to recover unpaid assessments levied by him upon them pursuant to law.

The defendant moved to strike out the complaint on the ground, among others, that, by reason of § 94(b) of the Corporation Act of New Jersey (2 Comp. Stats. p. 1656), it failed to set out a cause of action enforceable in any court of that State. The section, first enacted March 30, 1897, provides:

"No action or proceeding shall be maintained in any court of law in this state against any stockholder, officer or director of any domestic or foreign corporation by or on behalf of any creditor of such corporation to enforce any statutory personal liability of such stockholder, officer or director for or upon any debt, default or obligation of such corporation, whether such statutory personal liability be deemed penal or contractual, if such statutory personal liability be created by or arise from the statutes or laws of any other state or foreign country, and no pending or future action or proceeding to enforce such statutory personal liability shall be maintained in any court of this state other than in the nature of an equitable accounting for the proportionate benefit of all parties interested, to which such corporation and its legal representatives, if any, and all of its creditors and all of its stockholders shall be necessary parties."

Broderick seasonably claimed that to sustain the asserted bar of the statute would violate Article IV, § I, of the Federal Constitution which provides that: "FullPage 639faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State"; and the legislation of Congress enacted pursuant thereto. The trial court sustained the motion to strike out the complaint,Broderickv.Abrams,112 N.J.L. 309;170 A. 214, on the ground that the statute of the State constituted a bar to the action. Judgment against the plaintiff with costs, was entered in favor of each of the defendants, and the judgment was affirmed by the Court of Errors and Appeals "for the reasons expressed in the opinion" of the trial court,113 N.J.L. 305;174 A. 507. An appeal to this Court was allowed.First. The conditions imposed by § 94(b) of the New Jersey statute upon the bringing of suits to enforce such assessments, as here applied, deny to the Superintendent the right to resort to the courts of the State to enforce the assessment of liability upon the stockholders there resident. The requirement that the proceeding be by bill in equity, instead of by an action at law, would, if standing alone, be no obstacle. But by withholding jurisdiction unless the proceeding be a suit for an equitable accounting to which the "corporation and its legal representatives, if any, and all of its creditors and all of its stockholders shall be necessary parties," it imposes a condition which, as here applied, is legally impossible of fulfillment. For it is not denied that according to the decisions of the New Jersey courts "necessary parties" means those whose presence in a suit is essential as a jurisdictional prerequisite to the entry of judgment, so that no decree can be made respecting the subject matter of litigation until they are before the court,Wilkinsonv.Dodd,40 N.J. Eq. 123,130;3 A. 360;In re Martin,86 N.J. Eq. 265;98 A. 510;McBridev.Garland,89 N.J. Eq. 314;104 A. 435; and that to secure jurisdiction personally over those who are not residents of New Jersey, or engaged in business there, is impossible.PennoyerPage 640v.Neff,95 U.S. 714;Wilsonv.American Palace Car Co.,65 N.J. Eq. 730;55 A. 997;Pappv.Metropolitan Life Ins.Co.,113 N.J. Eq. 522,530;167 A. 873. The corporation has no place of business in New Jersey; only a few of the many stockholders and creditors have either residence or place of business there.

Moreover, even if it were legally possible to satisfy the statutory condition by making substituted service by publication upon non-resident stockholders and creditors, compareKirkpatrickv.Post,53 N.J. Eq. 591,594;32 A. 267;53 N.J. Eq. at 641;33 A. 1059, the cost would be prohibitive. The number of the stockholders is 20,843; the number of depositors and other creditors exceeds 400,000; and the amounts assessed against the individual defendants are relatively small — against some only $50. The aggregate of sheriff's fees alone as to the non-resident defendants, aside from expenses of publication and mailing, would exceed the aggregate amount due from the New Jersey stockholders.1The suggestion, in the opinion of the Supreme Court, that leave might be granted to file a bill in equity is, therefore, without legal significance.Second. But for the statute, the action would have been entertained. CompareYoungv.Masci,289 U.S. 253.Page 641New Jersey has provided courts with jurisdiction of suits of like nature and procedure otherwise appropriate for their determination.McDermottv.Woodhouse,87 N.J. Eq. 615,620;101 A. 375;Grahamv.Fleissner,107 N.J.L. 278;153 A. 526;Western Nat. Bankv.Reckless, 96 F. 70. CompareCochranev.Morris, 10 N.J. Misc. 82; 157 A. 652. The plaintiff is not, as inBoothv.Clark, 17 How. 322, a foreign receiver. He sues as an independent executive in whom has been vested by statute the cause of action sued on,Conversev.Hamilton,224 U.S. 243,257. The complaint is in conformity to the state practice, see112 N.J.L. 309,310;170 A. 214;Beattyv.Lincoln Bus Co., 11 N.J. Misc. 938; 169 A. 286; and it sets forth the facts essential to a recovery against the stockholder under the law of New York. It shows that the requirements of a valid assessment and of the right to enforce the same by action at law have been complied with, alleging, among other things: that, on December 11, 1930, Broderick, pursuant to § 57 of the New York Banking Law, took possession of the Bank's business and property; that since May 6, 1931, he has been engaged in liquidating the same; that prior to July 1, 1932, he determined, pursuant to §§ 80 and 120, that the reasonable value of the assets of the Bank was not sufficient to pay the creditors in full and that there was due them $30,000,000 in excess of such reasonable value; that the deficiency then fixed and determined has continued ever since; that upon the Superintendent of Banks is imposed the duty of making assessment upon the stockholders and enforcing the liability of stockholders for the benefit of the creditors and that actions to enforce the liability are to be brought in the name of the Superintendent;2thatPage 642prior to July 1, 1932, he determined that an assessment of $25 against each stockholder for each share of stock held by him was required for the payment of the Bank's indebtedness; that he duly made upon each stockholder a demand for the payment thereof on August 8, 1932; and that among the stockholders upon whom such demand was made and who failed to pay are the several defendants.Third. The power of a State to determine the limits of the jurisdiction of its courts and the character of the controversies which shall be heard therein is subject to the limitations imposed by the Federal Constitution.McKnettv.St. LouisSan Francisco Ry.,292 U.S. 230,233. A "State cannot escape its constitutional obligations [under the full faith and credit clause] by the simple device of denying jurisdiction in such cases to courts otherwise competent."Kenneyv.SupremeLodge,252 U.S. 411,415.3It is true that a State can legislate only with reference to its own jurisdiction,Bonapartev.Tax Court,104 U.S. 592;Olmstedv.Olmsted,216 U.S. 386; and that the full faith and credit clause does not require the enforcement of every right which has ripened into a judgment of another State or has been conferred by its statutes. SeeBradford Electric Light Co. v.Clapper,286 U.S. 145,160;Alaska Packers Assn. v.Industrial Accident Comm'n,ante, p. 532, at p. 546. But the room left for the play of conflicting policies is a narrow one. One State need not enforce the penal laws of another.Huntingtonv.Attrill,146 U.S. 657. A State mayPage 643adopt such system of courts and form of remedy as it sees fit. It may in appropriate cases apply the doctrine offorum nonconveniens. Anglo-American Provision Co. v.Davis ProvisionCo., No. 1,191 U.S. 373. But it may not, under the guise of merely affecting the remedy, deny the enforcement of claims otherwise within the protection of the full faith and credit clause, when its courts have general jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties.Christmasv.Russell, 5 Wall. 290, 300. CompareAtchison, T. S.F. Ry. v.Sowers,213 U.S. 55;Tennessee Coal, Iron Railroad Co. v.George,233 U.S. 354. For the States of the Union, the constitutional limitation imposed by the full faith and credit clause abolished, in large measure, the general principle of international law by which local policy is permitted to dominate rules of comity.

Here the nature of the cause of action brings it within the scope of the full faith and credit clause. The statutory liability sought to be enforced is contractual in character. The assessment is an incident of the incorporation. Thus the subject matter is peculiarly within the regulatory power of New York, as the State of incorporation. "So much so," as was said inConversev.Hamilton,224 U.S. 243,260, "that no other State properly can be said to have any public policy thereon. And what the law of Wisconsin [New Jersey] may be respecting the relative rights and obligations of creditors and stockholders of corporations of its creation, and the mode and means of enforcing them, is apart from the question under consideration." CompareBernheimerv.Converse,206 U.S. 516,532. In respect to the determination of liability for an assessment, the New Jersey stockholders submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of New York. For "the act of becoming a member [of a corporation] is something more than a contract, it is entering into a complex and abiding relation, and as marriage looks to domicil, membershipPage 644looks to and must be governed by the law of the State granting the incorporation."Modern Woodmen of Americav.Mixer,267 U.S. 544,551. CompareRoyal Arcanumv.Green,237 U.S. 531;Hancock National Bankv.Farnum,176 U.S. 640;McDermottv.Woodhouse,87 N.J. Eq. 615,618,619;101 A. 375.4Obviously, recognition could not be accorded to a local policy of New Jersey, if there really were one, of enabling all residents of the State to escape from the performance of a voluntarily assumed statutory obligation, consistent with morality, to contribute to the payment of the depositors of a bank of another State of which they were stockholders.Fourth. The fact that the assessment here in question was made under statutory direction by an administrative officer does not preclude the application of the full faith and credit clause. If the assessment had been made in a liquidation proceeding conducted by a court, New Jersey would have been obliged to enforce it, although the stockholders sued had not been made parties to the proceedings, and, being nonresidents, could not have been personally served with process.Conversev.Hamilton,224 U.S. 243,252,260. The reason why in that case the full faith and credit clause was held to require Wisconsin courts to enforce the assessment made in Minnesota was not because the determination was embodied in a judgment. Against the nonresident stockholders there had been no judgment in Minnesota. Wisconsin was required to enforce the Minnesota assessment because statutes are "public acts" within the meaning of the clause,Bradford Electric Light Co. v.Clapper,286 U.S. 145,155;Alaska Packers Assn. v.Industrial Accident Comm'n,ante, p. 544;Page 645and because the residents of Wisconsin had, by becoming stockholders of a Minnesota corporation, submitted themselves to that extent, to the jurisdiction and laws of the latter State. Where a State has had jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties, obligations validly imposed upon them by statute must, within the limitations above stated, be given full faith and credit by all the other States.

The Superintendent is an independent executive on whom the legislature has conferred large responsibilities, compareIsaacv.Marcus,258 N.Y. 257,263-5;179 N.E. 487;Matter ofBroderick,235 A.D. 281;257 N.Y.S. 382; among them, the determination of the questions involved in stockholders' liability. He must decide whether there is a deficiency of assets which requires resort to that liability; and if so, what proportion of the full liability it is necessary to enforce; and when the assessments shall be paid. It is urged that unlike the assessment involved inConversev.Hamilton, supra, that laid by the New York Superintendent is not conclusive as to its propriety and amount. The contention rests primarily upon a misconception of a provision in § 80 of the Banking Law, to the effect that "the written statement of the superintendent, under his hand and seal of office, reciting his determination to enforce the individual liability or any part thereof, of such stockholders, and setting forth the value of the assets of such corporation and the liabilities thereof, as determined by him after examination and investigation, shall be presumptive evidence of such facts as therein stated." This provision does not declare, as a rule of substantive law, that the determination is open to attack in an action to enforce the stockholders' liability. It merely provides, as in the case of other official acts, a method of proof without the calling of witnesses. Thus it prescribes a rule of evidence; and may possibly affectPage 646the manner of pleading.5But with such matters we have here no concern. It is enough, for present purposes, that a complaint alleging the stock ownership of the defendants, the assessment, the demand, and failure to pay, together with the determination of the value of assets and liabilities, referred to in § 80, sets forth a good cause of action.6Broderickv.Aaron,147 Misc. 854;264 N.Y.S. 15;Broderickv.Betco Corp.,149 Misc. 245;267 N.Y.S. 139;Broderickv.American General Corp.,71 F.2d 864; compareBroderickv.Stephano,314 Pa. 408;171 A. 582;Broderickv.McGuire,119 Conn. 83;174 A. 314. Even if the administrative determination of the assessment made in New York is subject to attack in a suit brought there or in any other State, that fact would not justify New Jersey in denying to the Superintendent the right to bring this suit.Fifth. The Superintendent contends that his assessment is a "public act" within the meaning of the full faith and credit clause, and is entitled to receive in every other State of the Union, the same recognition accorded to it by the laws of New York. He insists that, while under the law of New York defenses personal to individual stockholders are open to them whenever and wherever sued,Seligv.Hamilton,234 U.S. 652,662-3, his determinations as to the propriety and amount of the assessment, in so far as they involve merely the exercise of judgment, are conclusive; and are not subject to review by any court, except on grounds for which equity commonlyPage 647affords relief against administrative orders. He argues that his powers and duties in respect to the assessment of stockholders, and the proceeding to enforce liability therefor, are substantially the same as those imposed by the National Banking Act on the Comptroller of the Currency,Van Tuylv.Scharmann,208 N.Y. 53,63;101 N.E. 881;Matter of Union Bankof Brooklyn,176 A.D. 477,485;163 N.Y.S. 485;Broderickv.Aaron,151 Misc. 516,523;272 N.Y.S. 219; and that, as to these, it has been settled by an unbroken line of authorities beginning withKennedyv.Gibson, 8 Wall. 498, 505, that the Comptroller's determination is conclusive in an action at law to enforce the stockholders' liability; being subject, like other administrative orders, only to a direct attack for fraud or error of law by appropriate proceedings in equity.7United Statesv.Knox,102 U.S. 422,425. Whether this contention is sound, we have no occasion to consider now. SeeBroderickv.Adamson,148 Misc. 353,369-371;265 N.Y.S. 804. It is sufficient to decide that, since the New Jersey courts possess general jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties, and the subject matter is not one as to which the alleged public policy of New Jersey could be controlling, the full faith and credit clause requires that this suit be entertained.Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE CARDOZO is of the opinion that the judgment should be affirmed.Page 648
  1. Page 640 It is stated by counsel, without contradiction, that, under the New Jersey practice, before substituted service can ever be made, the sheriff must have made as to each non-resident defendant a returnnon est inventus. New Jersey Public Laws, 1922, c. 88, entitles the sheriff to a fee of $1.50 for making an affidavit of non-residence as to each defendant. After such affidavit the plaintiff, it is said, would be required to make applications for leave to effect substituted service on each of the absent defendants and to present the essential facts showing the necessity therefore, setting forth the residence and place of business of each. Besides notice sent to each, it would be necessary to publish the notice once a week during four consecutive weeks in some newspaper. N.J.P.L. 1912, c. 155, § 13; N.J. Chancery Rules, 36-38. It is estimated that the 420,000 names of non-resident defendants would fill at least 80 newspaper pages of 8 columns each. ↩
  2. Page 641 Section 80 of the New York Banking Law provides: "In case any such stockholder shall fail or neglect to pay such assessment within the time fixed in said notice, the superintendent shall have a cause of action, in his own name as superintendent of banks, against Page 642 such stockholder either severally or jointly with other stockholders of such corporation, for the amount of such unpaid assessment or assessments, together with interest thereon from the date when such assessment was, by the terms of said notice, due and payable." ↩
  3. Page 642Chambersv.Baltimore Ohio R. Co.,207 U.S. 142, is not to the contrary; there no claim was made under the full faith and credit clause. ↩
  4. Page 644 See, too,Canada Southern Ry. v.Gebhard,109 U.S. 527,537-8;Hawkinsv.Glenn,131 U.S. 319,329;Nashua SavingsBankv.Anglo-American Co.,189 U.S. 221,229-230;Harriganv.Bergdoll,270 U.S. 560,564. ↩
  5. Page 646 CompareBroderickv.McGuire,119 Conn. 83,101-103;174 A. 314. ↩
  6. Page 646 Before the adoption of § 80 by the Laws of 1914, c. 369, the Superintendent was required to allege and prove the facts necessitating the assessment.Cheneyv.Scharmann,145 A.D. 456;129 N.Y.S. 993; seeMatter of Empire City Bank,18 N.Y. 199,211-213. By the Laws of 1934, c. 494, further changes, of no importance here, have been made in this section. ↩
  7. Page 647Caseyv.Galli,94 U.S. 673,681;National Bankv.Case,99 U.S. 628,634-5;DeWeesev.Smith, 106 F. 438, 445, aff'd,187 U.S. 637;Murrayv.Sill,7 F.2d 589;Crawfordv.Gamble,57 F.2d 15;B.V. Emery Co. v.Wilkinson,72 F.2d 10; seeStudebakerv.Perry,184 U.S. 258,266;Rankinv.Barton,199 U.S. 228,232. CompareBushnellv.Leland,164 U.S. 684;Korblyv.SpringfieldSavings Institution,245 U.S. 330;Aldrichv.Campbell, 97 F. 663. ↩