Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Milk Control Board v. Eisenberg Farm Products

306 U.S. 346

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1939-04-03
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • explaining that Baldwin struck down the New York law because it “amounted in effect to a tariff barrier set up against milk imported into [New York].”
  • upholding Pennsylvania statute establishing minimum prices to be paid to in-state dairy farmers, on grounds that effect on interstate commerce was incidental
  • upholding a state statute setting minimum prices for milk shipped for sale out of state
  • “Every state police statute necessarily will affect interstate commerce in some degree, but such a statute does not run counter to the grant of Congressional power merely because it incidentally or indirectly involves or burdens interstate commerce .... ”
  • state could set minimum price paid to milk producers

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Milk Control Board v. Eisenberg Farm Products. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
138 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A state police statute does not contravene Congress's power over interstate commerce merely because it incidentally or indirectly involves or burdens interstate commerce, even though Congress, if it chose to exercise its paramount authority, might restrict the state law's operation or render it unenforceable. 306 U.S. at 351–352
  2. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause Where subjects of commerce are of such a nature that, if regulated at all, their regulation must be prescribed by a single authority, the grant of the commerce power to Congress establishes the immunity of interstate commerce from state control; but in matters requiring diversity of treatment according to special local conditions, the states remain free to act within their jurisdictions until Congress acts under its overriding authority. 306 U.S. at 351
  3. Constitutional Law — State Milk Control Regulation A state statute regulating the milk industry — requiring dealers to obtain licenses, file bonds conditioned on payment to producers, and pay producers minimum prices fixed by an administrative agency — does not violate the commerce clause as applied to a dealer who, at a receiving station maintained within the state, purchases milk from neighboring farms and ships all of it to another state for sale, where the statute's purpose is to control a domestic situation in the interest of local producers and consumers and its effect on interstate commerce is incidental given that only a small fraction of the state's milk production is exported. 306 U.S. at 352
  4. Constitutional Law — Local Regulation Affecting Commerce State regulation affecting a transaction essentially local in character is permissible notwithstanding that the regulated party later transports the purchased property interstate, particularly where exempting dealers who ship milk out of state would cripple or render impracticable the uniform local operation of the statute. 306 U.S. at 352
  5. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A state enactment aimed solely at interstate commerce, or one seeking to regulate the price to be paid for goods in a sister state as though erecting a tariff barrier against imported goods, is a prohibited burden on interstate commerce, in contrast to a locally directed police regulation with only incidental effect on interstate commerce. 306 U.S. at 352–353
MILK BOARDv. EISENBERG CO.,306 U.S. 346(1939)
59 S.Ct. 528
MILK CONTROL BOARDv. EISENBERG FARM PRODUCTS.
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA.
No. 426.
Argued February 8, 1939.
Decided February 27, 1939.
A state statute regulating the milk industry, which requires dealers to obtain licenses; to file bonds conditioned on payment of purchases from producers; and to pay producers at least the minimum prices prescribed by an administrative agency, —heldnot violative of the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution, as applied to a dealer who, at a receiving station maintained by him within the State, purchases milk from neighboring farms, all of which he ships to another State for sale. P. 352. The obvious purpose of the Act was to control a domestic situation in the interest of the producers and consumers within thePage 347State. Because of the comparatively small amount of the State's total milk production which was exported, the effect of the Act on interstate commerce was incidental. In the absence of regulation by Congress, the Act did not constitute a prohibited burden on interstate commerce.332 Pa. 34;200 A. 854, reversed.
CERTIORARI,305 U.S. 589, to review the affirmance of a decree
dismissing a bill to enforce compliance with a state milk control
law.
Mr. Harry Polikoff, Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania, with whomMr. Guy K. Bard, Attorney General, was on the brief, for petitioner.

If the decision of the court below is the law of the land. the stabilization of the milk industry of the United States by means of milk control legislation, and all commerce in milk, will be greatly hindered. At least twenty States (practically all the dairy states) today have upon their statute books legislation of the kind that is involved in this case. Milk dealers in any State may evade all regulation by simply purchasing their milk at plants which they erect in other States, thus creating an area without law, to the detriment of dairy farmers, other dealers and the consuming public.

It is a matter of common knowledge that milk dealers with no assets in the State, buy their milk on credit; if required to post neither license nor bond they would indeed have the farmers "at their mercy."Rohrerv.Milk Control Board,322 Pa. 257,265.

Only a small amount of the milk produced in Pennsylvania is shipped to other States; yet it is common knowledge that the malpractice of a minority can disrupt an entire industry. It is impossible to maintain fair dealings in an industry within a State for the benefit of the inhabitants of the State, if here and there a milk dealer can create an area without law merely because he ultimatelyPage 348resells the milk in some other State. (No attempt has been made to apply the present statute to any resales by the defendant.)Mr. Thomas D. Caldwellfor respondent.

A State can not, under the guise of stabilizing the milk industry, directly burden or regulate milk shipped in interstate commerce.Lemkev.Farmers Grain Co.,258 U.S. 50.

The cost of the milk to respondent will be increased by the premium on the bond, by the license fee, and by the increase in price ordered by the Commission. The effect of such regulation and such price fixing would be exactly equivalent to the imposition of a tax on the export of milk.

The statute may not be interpreted as an inspection law, in view of the separate and distinct inspection laws passed by the Commonwealth.

The license and bond requirements would, in the language ofBaldwinv.Seelig,294 U.S. 511, indirectly regulate the prices to be paid to producers of commodities in interstate commerce. Since the buying as well as the shipping of milk from Pennsylvania to New York constitutes interstate commerce, the Commonwealth can not regulate incidents pertaining to the buying of milk in Pennsylvania, as it, by indirection, would affect the entire transaction. SeePennsylvania Railroad Co. v.ClarkCoal Co.,238 U.S. 456;Talbotv.Smith,277 S.W. 257;Community Natural Gas Co. v.Royse City,7 F. Supp. 481.

By leave of Court,Messrs. John J. Bennett, Jr., Attorney General of New York,Henry Epstein, Solicitor General,Milo R.Kniffen, andRobert G. Blabeyfiled a brief on behalf of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets of the State of New York, asamicus curiae, in support of petitioner.Page 349
MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS delivered the opinion of the Court.
We are called upon to determine whether a local police regulation unconstitutionally regulates or burdens interstate commerce.

Pennsylvania, by an Act of April 30, 19351has declared the milk industry in that Commonwealth to be a business affected with a public interest. The statute defines a milk dealer as any person "who purchases or handles milk within the Commonwealth for sale, shipment, storage, processing or manufacture within or without the Commonwealth." It creates a Milk Control Board with authority to investigate, supervise, and regulate the industry and imposes penalties for violations of the law or of the Board's orders issued pursuant to the law, and requires a dealer to obtain a license by application to the Board. Licenses may be refused, suspended, or revoked for specified causes. A requisite of obtaining a license is that the dealer shall file with the Board a bond conditioned for the prompt payment of all amounts due to producers for milk purchased by the licensee. The act empowers the Board to require the dealer to keep certain records and directs the Board, with the approval of the Governor, to "fix, by official order, the minimum prices to be paid by milk dealers to producers and others for milk." The Board may vary the price according to the production, use, form, grade or class of milk.2

The petitioner, the Milk Control Board, filed its bill in a Common Pleas Court to restrain the appellee from continuing to do business without complying with the statute. The respondent by its answer sought to justifyPage 350failure to comply on the ground that it was engaged in interstate commerce. After trial the court dismissed the bill. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the decree.3

The respondent, a Pennsylvania corporation, leases and operates a milk receiving plant in Elizabethville, Pennsylvania, at which it buys milk from approximately one hundred and seventy-five farmers in the neighborhood, who bring their milk to the plant in their own cans. There the milk is weighed and tested by the respondent and emptied into large receiving tanks in which it is cooled preparatory to shipment. This requires retention of the milk for less than twenty-four hours; it is not processed, and no change occurs in its constituent elements. The milk is then drawn from the cooling tanks into tank trucks operated by a contract carrier and transported into New York City for sale there by the respondent. The journey is continuous from Elizabethville to New York City. All milk purchased by the respondent at Elizabethville is shipped to and sold in New York. During the year 1934 approximately 4,500,000,000 pounds of milk were produced in Pennsylvania of which approximately 470,000,000 pounds were shipped out of the state.

The respondent contends that the act, if construed to require it to obtain a license, to file a bond for the protection of producers, and to pay the farmers the prices prescribed by the Board, unconstitutionally regulates and burdens interstate commerce. The State Supreme Court has held that the statute is a valid police regulation.4The petitioner concedes that the purchase, shipment intoPage 351another state, and sale there of the milk in which the respondent deals is interstate commerce. The question for decision is whether, in the absence of federal regulation, the enforcement of the statute is prohibited by Article I, § 8 of the Constitution. We hold that it is not.

When the people declared "The Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce . . . among the several States, . . ." their purpose was clear. The United States could not exist as a nation if each of them were to have the power to forbid imports from another state, to sanction the rights of citizens to transport their goods interstate, or to discriminate as between neighboring states in admitting articles produced therein. The grant of the power of regulation to the Congress necessarily implies the subordination of the states to that power. This court has repeatedly declared that the grant established the immunity of interstate commerce from the control of the states respecting all those subjects embraced within the grant which are of such a nature as to demand that, if regulated at all, their regulation must be prescribed by a single authority.5But in matters requiring diversity of treatment according to the special requirements of local conditions, the states remain free to act within their respective jurisdictions until Congress sees fit to act in the exercise of its overriding authority.6One of the commonest forms of state action is the exercise of the police power directed to the control of local conditions and exerted in the interest of the welfare of the state's citizens. Every state police statute necessarily will affect interstate commerce in some degree, but such a statute does not run counter to the grant of Congressional power merely because it incidentally or indirectly involves or burdens interstate commerce. This is so even though.Page 352should Congress determine to exercise its paramount power, the state law might thereby be restricted in operation or rendered unenforceable.7These principles have guided judicial decision for more than a century. Clearly they not only are inevitable corollaries of the constitutional provision, but their unimpaired enforcement is of the highest importance to the continued existence of our dual form of government. The difficulty arises not in their statement or in a ready assent to their propriety, but in their application in connection with the myriad variations in the methods and incidents of commercial intercourse.

The purpose of the statute under review obviously is to reach a domestic situation in the interest of the welfare of the producers and consumers of milk in Pennsylvania. Its provisions with respect to license, bond, and regulation of prices to be paid to producers are appropriate means to the ends in view. The question is whether the prescription of prices to be paid producers in the effort to accomplish these ends constitutes a prohibited burden on interstate commerce, or an incidental burden which is permissible until superseded by Congressional enactment. That question can be answered only by weighing the nature of the respondent's activities, and the propriety of local regulation of them, as disclosed by the record.

The respondent maintains a receiving station in Pennsylvania where it conducts the local business of buying milk. At that station the neighboring farmers deliver their milk. The activity affected by the regulation is essentially local in Pennsylvania. Upon the completion of that transaction the respondent engages in conserving and transporting its own property. The Commonwealth does not essay to regulate or to restrain the shipment of the respondent's milk into New York or to regulate its sale or the price at which respondent may sell it in New York.Page 353If dealers conducting receiving stations in various localities in Pennsylvania were free to ignore the requirements of the statute on the ground that all or a part of the milk they purchase is destined to another state the uniform operation of the statute locally would be crippled and might be impracticable. Only a small fraction of the milk produced by farmers in Pennsylvania is shipped out of the Commonwealth. There is, therefore, a comparatively large field remotely affecting and wholly unrelated to interstate commerce within which the statute operates. These considerations we think justify the conclusion that the effect of the law on interstate commerce is incidental and not forbidden by the Constitution, in the absence of regulation by Congress.

None of the decisions on which the court below and the respondent rely rules the instant case.DiSantov.Pennsylvania,273 U.S. 34, involved a state law directed solely at foreign commerce;Lemkev.Farmers Grain Co.,258 U.S. 50, condemned a state statute affecting commerce, over ninety per cent. of which was interstate and essaying to regulate the price of commodities sold within the state payable and receivable in the state of destination;Shaferv.Farmers Grain Co.,268 U.S. 189, also dealt with a state law intended to regulate commerce almost wholly interstate in character. InBaldwinv.Seelig,294 U.S. 511, this court condemned an enactment aimed solely at interstate commerce attempting to affect and regulate the price to be paid for milk in a sister state, and we indicated that the attempt amounted in effect to a tariff barrier set up against milk imported into the enacting state.

The decree must be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.Reversed.Page 354

MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS and MR. JUSTICE BUTLER are of opinion that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania properly concluded that under former opinions of this Court the questioned regulations constituted a burden upon interstate commerce prohibited by the Federal Constitution.
  1. Page 349 P.L. 96;31 P.S. § 684. ↩
  2. Page 349 The act was repealed by an Act of April 28, 1937, P.L. 417, but all proceedings under it were saved by § 1203 of the later act. SeeCommonwealthv.Ortwein,132 Pa. Super. 166;200 A. 859. ↩
  3. Page 350332 Pa. 34;200 A. 854. ↩
  4. Page 350 See the opinion below, andColteryahn Sanitary Dairyv.MilkControl Comm'n,332 Pa. 15;1 A.2d 775;Keystone Dairy Co. v.Milk Control Comm'n,332 Pa. 15;1 A.2d 775;Rohrerv.Milk Control Board,322 Pa. 257;186 A. 336. ↩
  5. Page 351Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352,399, and cases cited. ↩
  6. Page 351Ibid. ↩
  7. Page 352Ibid, pp. 402-403. ↩