Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

California State Automobile Ass'n Inter-Insurance Bureau v. Maloney

Cal. State Auto. Ass'n Inter-Insurance Bureau v. Maloney, 341 U.S. 105 (1951)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1951-04-23
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • upholding state statute requiring insurers to participate in a mandatory assigned-risk pool to assure the availability of automobile insurance
  • noting that the nature of the insurance industry necessitates pervasive state regulation
  • statute requiring all automobile carriers to participate in a state plan which provided coverage to high risk insureds sustained on due process grounds
  • first quoting Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U.S. 104, 111, 31 S. Ct. 186, 188 (1911); and then quoting Osborn, 310 U.S. at 65, 60 S. Ct. at 763
  • sustaining California Compulsory Assigned Risk Law

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed California State Automobile Ass'n Inter-Insurance Bureau v. Maloney. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
100 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Due Process A state may require every insurer transacting liability insurance business within its borders to participate in a compulsory assigned risk plan under which insurable applicants who cannot obtain automobile liability insurance through ordinary means are equitably apportioned among all insurers, where premiums commensurate with the greater risks may be charged, coverage may be limited, and uninsurable risks are excluded from the plan. 341 U.S. at 106-111
  2. Constitutional Law — Due Process The business of insurance is affected with a public interest to which the government has long borne a special relation, and the state's power over it is broad enough that the state could take over the entire business, leaving no part to private enterprise; the state may therefore permit insurers to continue operating on the condition that local needs be served by the business. 341 U.S. at 109-110
  3. Constitutional Law — Due Process The police power extends to all the great public needs and may be used in aid of what the legislative judgment deems necessary to the public welfare, and it permits a state, in the public interest, to require each member of a business to assume a pro rata share of a burden that modern conditions have made incident to that business. 341 U.S. at 109-110
  4. Constitutional Law — Due Process A state does not violate the Due Process Clause by compelling an insurer with a selected membership to accept insurable risks that circumstances have barred from ordinary insurance and hence from the highways, where premiums may be set commensurate with the abnormal risks, the assigned risks are equitably apportioned among all insurers rather than imposed entirely on one, and uninsurable risks are excluded; the fact that the insurer is thereby required to insure members of a different group than it voluntarily undertook to serve does not render the regulation unconstitutional. 341 U.S. at 107-111
  5. Constitutional Law — Due Process A regulation that may render a regulated business less prosperous does not amount to a taking of property in the constitutional sense. 341 U.S. at 110-111
  6. Constitutional Law — Judicial Review Whether a state's regulatory program is wise or unwise is not a question for the courts; where the problem is local and views will vary, a court cannot hold that the state exceeded permissible limits in requiring the liability insurance business to accept insurable risks that circumstances barred from insurance and hence from the highways. 341 U.S. at 110-111
CALIFORNIA AUTO. ASSN.v. MALONEY,341 U.S. 105(1951)
71 S.Ct. 601
CALIFORNIA STATE AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION INTER-INSURANCE
BUREAUv. MALONEY, INSURANCE COMMISSIONER.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA,
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT.
No. 310.
Argued March 8, 1951.
Decided April 23, 1951.
The California Compulsory Assigned Risk Law requires all insurers transacting liability insurance in the State to participate in a plan for the equitable apportionment among them of those applicants for automobile liability insurance who are in good faith entitled to such insurance (to enable them to retain drivers' licenses) but are unable to procure it through ordinary methods. Uninsurable risks are excluded from the plan, policies issued may be limited to coverages of $5,000-$10,000, and premiums commensurate with abnormal risks may be charged. Appellant is an unincorporated association engaged in writing reciprocal liability insurance solely for members of an automobile club having a selected membership, and the plan would require it to write insurance for nonmembers of the club who are poor risks.Held:As applied to appellant, the statute does not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Pp. 106-111.96 Cal.App.2d 876,216 P.2d 882, affirmed.
A California court sustained the California Compulsory
Assigned Risk Law, Cal. Stat. 1947, c. 39, p. 525, as
amended, against a claim that it violated the Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.96 Cal.App.2d 876,
216 P.2d 882. On appeal to this Court,affirmed,
p. 111.
Moses Laskyargued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief wereMaurice E. HarrisonandHermanPhleger.Harold B. Haas, Deputy Attorney General of California, argued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief wereEdmund G. Brown, Attorney General, andT. A.Page 106Westphal, Jr., Deputy Attorney General.Fred N. Howser, then Attorney General, was withMr. HaasandMr.Westphalon a motion to dismiss or affirm.Nathaniel L. Goldstein, Attorney General,Wendell P.Brown, Solicitor General, andJohn C. Crary, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, filed a brief for the State of New York, asamicus curiae, supporting appellee.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellant is an unincorporated association which the California District Court of Appeal analogizes to a mutual insurance corporation. The details of its organization and operation are not important here. It is supervised by the Insurance Commissioner of California, like other insurance companies doing a liability insurance business. It was formed to write automobile insurance to a select group of members at a lower cost than the then prevailing rate. A California law requiring proof of financial responsibility from certain people before issuing them a license to drive a car, provides that a person who does not pay a judgment of $100 or more arising out of an automobile accident has his driver's license suspended, and the suspension can be lifted only by paying the judgment and establishing his ability to pay claims arising from future accidents. That ability to pay may be established by proof that the person is insured, by posting a surety bond, or by deposit of $11,000 in cash. Cal. Vehicle Code, 1943, §§410, 414. Another law requires operators of trucks for hire to supply such evidence of financial responsibility before they may get permits to operate trucks. Cal. Stat. 1935, c. 312.

One result of these laws was to make it impossible for a large number of drivers — classified as poor risks by the insurance companies and not possessing enough resourcesPage 107to get a surety bond or to make the cash deposit — to receive drivers' licenses to operate motor vehicles. Some of these people were poor risks, others were not. Many hardship cases developed among people who were dependent on the use of the highways for a living. There was a proposal that California go into the insurance business and insure these and other risks. The insurance companies countered by adopting a voluntary assigned risk plan under which all automobile insurance companies doing business in California undertook to insure some, though not all, of the groups unable to obtain insurance. This plan, approved by California's Insurance Department, provided for the allocation of applicants to the subscribing insurers in proportion to the amount of automobile insurance written by each in the preceding year.

The voluntary plan did not reach all applicants. Moreover, appellant withdrew from it, causing the other insurers to be reluctant to continue it. Thereupon the legislature enacted the Compulsory Assigned Risk Law. Cal. Stat. 1947, c. 39, p. 525, as amended, c. 1205. It provides that the Insurance Commissioner shall approve "a reasonable plan for the equitable apportionment" among insurers of applicants for automobile insurance "who are in good faith1entitled to but are unable to procure such insurance through ordinary methods." Cal. Ins. Code, 1947, §11620. It is mandatory on all insurers to subscribe to the plan.Id. §§ 11625, 11626.Page 108

The plan approved by the Commissioner was objectionable to appellant, who refused to subscribe to it. The Commissioner, acting pursuant to authority granted him, suspended appellant's permit to transact automobile liability insurance in California. Appellant contested the suspension in the California courts. The District Court of Appeal sustained the act against the claim that it violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.96 Cal.App.2d 876,216 P.2d 882. A petition for hearing was denied by the Supreme Court. The case is here on appeal.28 U.S.C. § 1257(2).

Appellant assails the constitutionality of the Act under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment on the following grounds: it commands insurers to enter into contracts and to incur liabilities against their will; it forces on insurers contracts that have abnormal risks and from which financial loss may be expected; it requires appellant to alter its type of business from a cooperative with a select membership to a venture insuring members of the general public.

Appellant in support of its contentions pressesMichiganCommissionv.Duke,266 U.S. 570, andFrost TruckingCo. v.Railroad Comm'n,271 U.S. 583, on us. Those cases held that private carriers by motor vehicle could not consistently with Due Process be converted into public carriers by legislative fiat nor be allowed to use the public highways only on condition that they become common carriers. We put those cases to one side. To be sure, appellant is required to insure members of a different group than the select one it voluntarily undertook to serve. But there are important restrictions on the financial commitments incident to the broadened undertaking. We were advised on the argument that the premiums chargeable can be commensurate with the greater risks of the new business. Confiscation is therefore not a factor in the case. Moreover, the California statute providesPage 109for an equitable apportionment of the assigned risks among all insurers, not that appellant serve all comers. Furthermore, uninsurable risks are eliminated from the plan; and policies issued may provide limited coverage of $5,000-$10,000.

The case in its broadest reach is one in which the state requires in the public interest each member of a business to assume apro ratashare of a burden which modern conditions have made incident to the business. It is therefore not unlikeNoble State Bankv.Haskell,219 U.S. 104, which sustained a state law assessing each state bank for the creation of a depositors' guaranty fund. What was there said about the police power — that it "extends to all the great public needs" and may be utilized in aid of what the legislative judgment deems necessary to the public welfare (p. 111) — is peculiarly apt when the business of insurance is involved — a business to which the government has long had a "special relation."2SeeOsbornPage 110v.Ozlin,310 U.S. 53,65,66. Here, as in the banking field, the power of the state is broad enough to take over the whole business, leaving no part for private enterprise.Mountain Timber Co. v.Washington,243 U.S. 219;Osbornv.Ozlin, supra, p. 66. The state may therefore hold its hand on condition that local needs be serviced by the business.Osbornv.Ozlin, supra, was such a case; it sustained on that theory Virginia's law requiring Virginia residents to have a share in writing casualty and surety risks in Virginia. The principle ofOsbornv.Ozlinnow presses for recognition in a situation as acute as any with which the states have had to deal. Highway accidents with their train of property and personal injuries are notoriously important problems in every community. Clearing the highways of irresponsible drivers, devising ways and means for making sure that compensation is awarded the innocent victims, and yet managing a scheme which leaves the highways open for the livelihood of the deserving are problems that have taxed the ingenuity of law makers and administrators.

Whether California's program is wise or unwise is not our concern. SeeOlsenv.Nebraska,313 U.S. 236;Lincoln Unionv.Northwestern Co.,335 U.S. 525. The problem is a local one on which views will vary. We cannot say California went beyond permissible limits when it made the liability insurance business accept insurable risks which circumstances barred from insurancePage 111and hence from the highways. Appellant's business may of course be less prosperous as a result of the regulation. That diminution in value, however, has never mounted to the dignity of a taking in the constitutional sense. SeeNoble State Bankv.Haskell, supra, p. 110;Blockv.Hirsh,256 U.S. 135,155.Affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE BLACK would dismiss the appeal on the ground that the constitutional questions are frivolous.Page 112
  1. Page 107 Under the plan approved by the Commissioner, Cal. Administrative Code, 1947, Tit. 10, §§ 2400-2498, there are several categories of people excluded. Those excluded cover a wide range. The following are illustrative: those convicted more than once, within three years of application, of manslaughter or negligent homicide resulting from operation of the vehicle; those convicted more than twice, in the same three-year period, of driving while intoxicated or under the influence of liquor; those addicted to use of drugs. § 2431. ↩
  2. Page 109 State regulation of the insurance business has been upheld in a wide variety of circumstances against the claim that the law violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: SeeHooperv.California,155 U.S. 648, requirement of license and bond;OrientInsurance Co. v.Daggs,172 U.S. 557, fixing recovery at insured value;Nuttingv.Massachusetts,183 U.S. 553, license and deposit of security;Carrollv.Greenwich Insurance Co.,199 U.S. 401, prohibition of combinations or agreements between companies;NorthwesternLife Ins. Co. v.Riggs,203 U.S. 243, limitation of defenses;Whitfieldv.Aetna Life Ins. Co.,205 U.S. 489, same;German AllianceIns. Co. v.Hale,219 U.S. 307, statutory penalty against rate-fixing combinations;German Alliance Ins. Co. v.Lewis,233 U.S. 389, rate regulations;Mountain Timber Co. v.Washington,243 U.S. 219, workmen's compensation act;La Tourettev.McMaster,248 U.S. 465, licensing of brokers;National Union Fire Ins. Co. v.Wanberg,260 U.S. 71, limiting the time for rejection of hail insurance policies;Merchants Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. v.Smart,267 U.S. 126, regulation of liability under indemnity policies;Aetna Insurance Co. v.Hyde,275 U.S. 440, rate regulations;O'Gorman Youngv.HartfordFire Ins. Co.,282 U.S. 251, regulation of agents' commissions; Page 110Hardware Dealers Mutual Fire Ins. Co. v.Glidden Co.,284 U.S. 151, prescribing compulsory arbitration provisions;Life Casualty Ins.Co. v.McCray,291 U.S. 566, additional recovery for failure to pay on demand;Osbornv.Ozlin,310 U.S. 53, requiring participation by resident agents;Hoopeston Canning Co. v.Cullen,318 U.S. 313, regulation of reciprocal insurance associations;State Farm MutualAutomobile Ins. Co. v.Duel,324 U.S. 154, reserve requirements;Robertsonv.California,328 U.S. 440, licensing of brokers;Danielv.Family Security Life Ins. Co.,336 U.S. 220, separation of life insurance and undertaking businesses. ↩