Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Atlantic City Railroad v. Parker

Atl. City R.R. v. Parker, 242 U.S. 56 (1916)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1916-12-04
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • arm caught in drawhead between cars during coupling

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Cited by
53 opinions
ATLANTIC CITY R.R. CO.v. PARKER,242 U.S. 56(1916)
37 S.Ct. 69
ATLANTIC CITY RAILROAD COMPANYv. PARKER.
ERROR TO THE COURT OF ERRORS AND APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY.
No. 111.
Argued November 16, 1916.
Decided December 4, 1916.
In this action for personal injury, governed by the Safety Appliance and Employers' Liability Acts, it isheld, that the evidence concerning the fitness and efficiency of the automatic couplers in question, and concerning the special condition which existed, as a result of the train's being on a curve when the couplers failed and the accident occurred, did not preclude a reasonable inference that the Safety Appliance Act was not complied with. When couplers fail to couple automatically on a straight track because of lateral play of the drawheads, the jury may properly infer that such a degree of play was unnecessary and violative of the Safety Appliance Act, in the absence of any satisfactory explanation.Page 57The case is not different where the failure to couple occurs on a curve if the effect of the curvature may have been negligible.87 N.J.L. 148, affirmed.
THE case is stated in the opinion.
Mr. Thomas E. French, with whomMr. Samuel H. RichardsandMr. Charles Heebnerwere on the brief, for plaintiff in error:

The failure of the couplers to couple when the cars are on a curve and the couplers are not in line will not support a finding that the Safety Appliance Act has been violated. Congress did not intend to require the impossible.Baughamv.New York,Philadelphia Norfolk R.R. Co.,241 U.S. 237;Morrisv.St.Louis S.W. Ry. Co.158 S.W. 1055. The question here was left open inSan Antonio Aransas Pass Railway Co. v.Wagner,241 U.S. 476. The case ofSt. Louis San FranciscoR.R. Co. v.Brown,241 U.S. 223, is distinguishable because there the engineer was negligent and the plaintiff did not assume that risk.

Here there was no negligence of the engineer, plaintiff himself directed the movements of the engine, the couplers admittedly were in no way defective, and there was no evidence that defendant could have provided better or safer appliances. Therefore the court should have granted a nonsuit, under the New Jersey practice, or directed a verdict.

As the evidence stood, the real question concerned the meaning of the Act. The court should not have submitted this to the jury.

The court erred in not granting defendant's request for instructions to the effect that if the jury found the coupler such as would couple automatically by impact and that it was in order, then plaintiff assumed the risk and could not recover, and to the effect that if they found the defendant could have reasonably anticipated the result ofPage 58putting his hand on the coupler while the engine was coming back under signal, it was a risk of his employment known to him which he assumed and the verdict must be for the defendant.Mr. David O. Watkinsfor defendant in error:

The duty to supply automatic couplers (including proper drawheads), which comply with the standard of the Safety Appliance Act, is absolute.St. Louis Iron Mountain Ry. Co. v.Taylor,210 U.S. 282;Chicago, Burlington Quincy Ry. Co. v.United States,220 U.S. 559. The couplers must work at all times and under all conditions. It is not an excuse that they will operate properly on straight track; they must operate on curves as well.Chicago, Rock Island Pacific Ry. Co. v.Brown,229 U.S. 317;Dilkv.St. Louis San Francisco R.R.Co.,220 U.S. 580;United Statesv.Illinois Central R.R.Co., 177 F. 801;Texas Pacific Ry. Co. v.Rigsby,241 U.S. 33;Johnsonv.Southern Pacific Co.,196 U.S. 1;Norfolk Western R.R. Co. v.Hazelrigg, 184 F. 828.

The evidence shows conclusively that the couplers did not work at the time of the attempted coupling. It was for the jury to determine whether the couples would couple automatically.

It was negligence for defendant's employes to leave the uncoupled train in such position that the couplers would not operate.

Under the Liability Act contributory negligence is but a partial defence.
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action brought by the defendant in error to recover for the loss of an arm crushed while he was coupling a tender to a car. There is no dispute that the case is governed by the Acts of Congress — the Safety Appliance Act of March 2, 1893, c. 196, §§ 2, 8;27 Stat. 531,Page 59and the Employers' Liability Act of April 22, 1908, c. 149, §§ 3, 4;35 Stat. 65. The facts material here are few. The engine had backed for the purpose of coupling with the car and had failed to couple automatically by impact. Thereupon the plaintiff, noticing that the drawhead was not in line with the one on the engine, put in his arm for the purpose of straightening it and thus making the coupling possible, and was caught. An exception was taken to the refusal of a ruling that no negligence was shown on the part of the Railroad Company, but the Court of Errors and Appeals affirmed the judgment of the court below.87 N.J.L. 148.

If there was evidence that the railroad failed to furnish such "couplers coupling automatically by impact" as the statute requires (Johnsonv.Southern Pacific Co.,196 U.S. 1,18,19), nothing else needs to be considered. We are of opinion that there was enough evidence to go to the jury upon that point. No doubt there are arguments that the jury should have decided the other way. Some lateral play must be allowed to drawheads, and further, the car was on a curve, which of course would tend to throw the coupler out of line. But the jury were warranted in finding that the curve was so slight as not to affect the case and in regarding the track as for this purpose a straight line. If couplers failed to couple automatically upon a straight track it at least may be said that a jury would be warranted in finding that a lateral play so great as to prevent coupling was not needed, and that, in the absence of any explanation believed by them, the failure indicated that the railroad had not fully complied with the law.Chicago, Burlington Quincy Ry. Co. v.United States,220 U.S. 559,571.Chicago, Rock IslandPacific Ry. Co. v.Brown,229 U.S. 317,320,321.San AntonioAransas Pass Ry. Co. v.Wagner,241 U.S. 476,484.Judgment affirmed.Page 60