Is Cooke v. Avery still good law?

Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Cooke v. Avery

147 U.S. 375

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1893-01-23
Topic: general

Mr. Chief 'Justice Fuller, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court. The placita shows that the Circuit Court met at Dallas, in the Northern District of Texas, on May 20, 1889, the United States District Judge presiding, but that when the court assembled on-June 8, 1889, pursuant to adjournment, the Circuit Justice, the Circuit Judge, and the District Judge were all present. The bill of exceptions is signed by the District Judge, and as it does not appear that the other judges were present at the trial, which ensued after the meeting of the court, we assume that it was had before the District Judge alone. Section 953 of the Revised Statutes provides for the authentication of bills of exception by the judge of the court in which the cause was tried, or by the presiding judge thereof, if more than one judge sat on the trial of the cause; and, therefore, if this trial had taken place before the Circuit Justice and one of the other judges, or before the Circuit and District Judges, the bill of exceptions would, of course, have been signed by the Circuit Justice or Circuit Judge, as the case might be.

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Cooke v. Avery. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status: pending
Cited by: 55 opinions

Headnotes

Civil Procedure — Bills of Exception Under Rev. Stat. § 953, a bill of exceptions must be authenticated by the judge of the court in which the cause was tried or by the presiding judge where more than one judge sat; where a bill is signed by a district judge holding circuit court, it will be assumed that the circuit justice and circuit judge were not present at the trial, unless the record clearly and affirmatively shows the contrary. 147 U.S. at 380
Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Arising Under the Constitution or Laws of the United States Whether a suit arises under the Constitution or laws of the United States is determined by the questions involved: if some title, right, privilege, or immunity on which the recovery depends will be defeated by one construction of the Constitution or a law of the United States, or sustained by the opposite construction, the case is one arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States. 147 U.S. at 380
Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Subject-Matter Jurisdiction A plaintiff's right to sue cannot depend upon the defense a defendant may choose to set up; where a party on the first trial sets up a federal right as the ground of federal jurisdiction and the jurisdiction is sustained, that party may not on a later trial abandon the federal question and seek to oust the jurisdiction on the ground that there is no real dispute as to the applicable law. 147 U.S. at 381
Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Where a plaintiff's title rests on the validity of a lien claimed to have been acquired under a judgment of a Circuit Court of the United States, the disposition of the issue depends upon the laws of the United States and the rules of its courts, and the federal court has jurisdiction of the cause. 147 U.S. at 385
Civil Procedure — Sufficiency of Abstract and Index (Texas) An index to an abstract of a judgment, made under Texas law for acquiring judgment liens, is sufficient where it correctly gives the defendant's name and gives the plaintiffs' names by their partnership firm title, and the abstract itself gives the debtor's name, the suit number, the date and amount of the judgment, the rate of interest, the amount still due, and the plaintiffs' firm name; the object of the recording and indexing requirement is not to encumber the registry with full information but to excite inquiry and indicate the source of full information, and the omission of the plaintiffs' individual names is not fatal to the lien. 147 U.S. at 385–387
Real Property Law — Trespass In the Texas statutory action of trespass to try title, where both parties claim under a common source, the defendant cannot question the validity of his grantor's title at the time of the conveyance to him in a contest with the plaintiff claiming under the same grantor, unless the defendant claims under a paramount title which he has acquired or with which he has connected himself. 147 U.S. at 387–388
Real Property Law — Trespass In the Texas statutory action of trespass to try title, a defendant who pleads his title specially waives the general issue and is confined to the defense specially pleaded; an affirmative defense such as a homestead claim cannot be raised at trial where it was not specially pleaded. 147 U.S. at 388–389
Real Property Law — Allowance for Improvements (Texas) To recover the value of improvements under the Texas statutes in an action of trespass to try title, the defendant must allege and show adverse possession in good faith of the premises for at least one year next before the commencement of the suit and the making of permanent and valuable improvements; an offer of proof that is vague as to when the improvements were made, and unsupported by evidence of the value of the land apart from the improvements, does not warrant relief. 147 U.S. at 389–392
Civil Procedure — Personal Liability of Married Woman in Community Property (Texas) Where a married woman is a codefendant in an action of trespass to try title and her interest in the property is a community interest arising from a conveyance to her husband, a personal judgment in damages for use and occupation, and for costs, cannot be rendered against her absent a showing justifying the subjection of her separate estate to such a liability. 147 U.S. at 392–393

COOKE v. AVERY,147 U.S. 375(1893)

13 S.Ct. 340

COOKEv. AVERY.

ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS.

No. 72.

Submitted December 5, 1892.

Decided January 23, 1893.

In view of the requirements of Rev. Stat. § 953, respecting the authentication of bills of exceptions, it will be assumed, where a bill is certified by a District Judge holding Circuit Court, that the Circuit Justice and Circuit Judge were not present at the trial, unless the record clearly and affirmatively shows the contrary. When it appears that some title, right, privilege or immunity, on which the recovery depends, will be defeated by one construction of the Constitution or a law of the United States, or sustained by the opposite construction, the case is one arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States. When a party, on the first trial of a cause in a Circuit Court, sets up such a right as the ground of Federal jurisdiction, and the jurisdiction is sustained, he cannot be permitted, on the second trial, to oust the jurisdiction by contending that no such right is in controversy. Where a plaintiff's title rests upon the validity of a lien claimed to have been acquired under a judgment of a Circuit Court of the United States, the disposition of the issue depends upon the laws of the United States and the rules of its courts, and a Federal court has jurisdiction. An index to an abstract of judgments in Texas, made under its laws for acquiring judgment liens, is sufficient, which gives the defendants' name or names correctly, and the names of the plaintiffs by a partnership title. In Texas, in trespass to try title, the defendant cannot question the validityPage 376of his grantor's title at the time of the conveyance to him when the plaintiff claims under the same grantor, unless he claims under a paramount title. If the defendant in such an action pleads his title specially, he waives the general issue, and is confined to the defence specially pleaded. The defendant in such an action, not having been in possession of the land in dispute for twelve months next before the commencement of the action under written evidence of title, offered to show that immediately after concluding his bargain for the property he entered into possession, and commenced making improvements, and erected improvements of great value on the property before he knew of the plaintiff's lien. This was done in order to enable him to get the benefit of the provisions in the Texas statutes relating to improvements.Held, that the offer was too vague. A married woman was codefendant in an action of trespass to try title in Texas. Her interest was a community interest in the property by virtue of a conveyance to her husband.Held, that a personal judgment in damages for use and occupation, and for costs, could not be rendered against her.

THIS was an action of trespass to try title to a tract of land

in Hunt County, Texas, brought by W.W. Avery, December 24, 1886,

against J.H. Cooke; his wife, M.E. Cooke; and the

Scottish-American Mortgage Company; in the Circuit Court of the

United States for the Northern District of Texas, the plaintiff

alleging that he was a citizen of the State of North Carolina;

that the defendants Cooke were citizens of the State of Texas;

and that the Mortgage Company was an alien corporation and a

subject of Great Britain.

The petition averred that, on the 25th of November, 1886,

plaintiff was lawfully seized and entitled to the possession of

the land in question, located in Hunt County, Texas, in the

Northern District of said State, and entitled to hold the same in

fee simple, and that defendants Cooke unlawfully dispossessed him

thereof, and still unlawfully withhold the same.

The Mortgage Company demurred, and also pleaded that on January

1, 1886, the defendants Cooke, who were at that time in

possession of the land, and seized of good title in fee simple,

and had the right to convey the same, executed a deed of trust

thereon to one Simpson, as trustee, to secure a loan of money

made by the company to the Cookes. The other defendants answered

to the merits, and subsequently, on February

Page 377

13, 1888, defendant J.H. Cooke withdrew his answer, and filed a

plea to the jurisdiction of the court, to the effect that the

land had been conveyed to plaintiff by citizens of Texas on

November 25, 1886, without consideration and for the purpose of

conferring jurisdiction; and on the same day, not waiving his

plea to the jurisdiction, he answered, (1) not guilty; (2) that

he purchased the land in controversy from J.H. Payne, under whom

the plaintiff claimed, "in actual ignorance of any lien upon said

land, and in the belief that said tract of land was the homestead

of said J.H. Payne, and that no creditor of said Payne could

acquire a judgment lien thereon. That this defendant for more

than twelve months before the commencement of this suit had

actual adverse possession of said land in controversy, and that

during said period defendant made upon said land permanent and

valuable improvements in good faith, as follows: [The alleged

improvements were enumerated, and the total value stated to be

$11,900.] That said tract of land without said improvements is of

the value of $2000, and by said improvements the same is enhanced

in value by the cost or value aforesaid of said improvements.

Defendant prays for the value of said improvements if plaintiff

recovers said land," etc.

On February 11, 1889, plaintiff filed his amended original

petition, which further alleged that plaintiff and the defendants

derived title from one J.H. Payne as a common source; that the

defendants deraigned title through a certain deed executed by

Payne and his wife, January 2, 1886; while the plaintiff claimed

title under an execution sale upon a judgment recovered against

Payne, January 17, 1882, in case No. 198, in the Circuit Court of

the United States for the Northern District of Texas, at Dallas,

in favor of John Deere, Charles H. Deere, Stephen H. Velie, Alvah

Mansur and L.H. Tibbetts, partners under the firm name of Deere,

Mansur Company, for the sum of $717.93 and costs of suit, all

the proceedings upon and in reference to which were fully set

forth. Plaintiff further alleged that by reason of certain laws

of the United States and rules of the Circuit Court of the United

States for the Northern District of Texas, which were

specifically referred

Page 378

to, the judgment was a lien upon the property from the date of

its rendition, or became such on the date the abstract thereof

was recorded and indexed in Hunt County, February 9, 1882, (as

set out,) and continued to be a lien up to the date of the sale

by the marshal, by reason whereof plaintiff had a superior title

to the property; but that defendants denied that the judgment was

ever a valid lien on the property under said laws and rules; and

this constituted the controlling question in the case, upon the

correct decision of which plaintiff's title depended. Plaintiff

therefore averred that this suit arose under the laws of the

United States and the rules of the Circuit Court, and that the

Circuit Court at the institution of the suit had and still had

jurisdiction thereof without regard to the citizenship of the

parties thereto.

On June 8, 1889, the defendants Cooke demurred to that part of

the amended original petition treating of jurisdiction, and

further pleaded "that if they are not the owners of the land in

controversy the title thereto is outstanding in one Y.D.

Harrington, to whom it was conveyed by said J.H. Payne before the

lien under which plaintiff claims attached, and defendants deny

all the averments of said petition."

On the same day plaintiff demurred and excepted generally and

specially to defendants' plea to the jurisdiction, and denied its

allegations, and also replied to defendant J.H. Cooke's original

answer by general and special demurrers or exceptions, and a

general denial.

The cause came on for trial June 8, 1889, and the court having

heard and disposed of the several demurrers and exceptions, the

trial was proceeded with.

The plaintiff introduced in evidence a judgment of the Circuit

Court rendered January 17, 1882, in favor of John Deere, Charles

H. Deere, Stephen H. Velie, Alvah Mansur and L.H. Tibbetts,

against J.H. Payne, in cause No. 198, for the sum of $717.93, of

which the sum of $682.13 was directed to draw interest at the

rate of ten per cent per annum, and the sum of $35.80 at the rate

of eight per cent per annum, and for costs; and also a general

index of all

Page 379

judgments rendered in the court, which showed under the proper

letter that the judgment in favor of Deere, Mansur Co. against

J.H. Payne was entered in minute book No. 1, page 534; also, an

execution issued on the judgment, March 3, 1882, returned "no

property found;" and an execution issued August 11, 1886, under

which the land in controversy was levied on by the marshal,

August 12, and sold by him, September 7, 1886, to Charles C. Cobb

and John M. Avery; also the marshal's deed to said Cobb and

Avery, made pursuant to the levy and sale, and dated September 7,

1886. Plaintiff also introduced the papers in case No. 198,

including the original petition, which petition was endorsed: "In

Circuit Court of United States, No. 198, Deere, Mansur Company

v. J.H. Payne," which endorsement was also on all the other

papers in the cause; and the citation, which was duly served on

Payne, notifying him to answer the suit in case "No. 198, of

Deere, Mansur Company, a firm composed of John Deere, Charles

H. Deere, Stephen H. Velie, Alvah Mansur and L.H. Tibbetts,

against J.H. Payne, defendant." The petition showed that the suit

was brought on a promissory note, which was attached as an

exhibit, and was dated April 16, 1880, executed by J.H. Payne,

and payable to the order of Deere, Mansur Co. Plaintiff further

offered in evidence a certified copy of an abstract of the

judgment in case No. 198, and a certified copy of the index of

the abstract from the records of Hunt County. The certificate of

the clerk of the county court of that county stated that said

certified copies were true copies of the abstract recorded in the

judgment record book No. 1, page 47, of Hunt County, and of the

index, both direct and reverse, referring to said page 47, of

said judgment record book, as appeared from the index in his

office. The certified copy of the abstract was as follows:

"Circuit Court of the United States, for the Northern District of

Texas, at Dallas.

"I, A.J. Houston, clerk of the Circuit Court of the United

States for the Northern District of Texas, at Dallas, do hereby

Page 380

certify that in said court, on Tuesday, January 17th, 1882, the

plaintiffs recovered a judgment against the defendant for the sum

of $717.93, of which the sum of $682.13 shall draw interest from

said date at ten per cent per annum and the balance, $35.80,

shall draw interest at eight per cent per annum, together with

the costs by plaintiffs incurred; all of which said judgment and

costs is yet due and unpaid by the defendant in case No. 198, and

styled Deere, Mansur Company, plaintiffsv. J.H. Payne,

defendant; all of which appears from the records of said court

now in my office.

"In testimony whereof I hereunto set my hand and affix the seal

of said court, at Dallas, Texas, this 6th day of February,

A.D. 1882, and of the Independence of the United States the 106th

year.

[Seal of U.S. Circuit Court at Dallas, Tex.]

"A.J. HOUSTON,

"Clerk of said Court.

"Filed for record Feb'y 9th, 1882, at 10 o'clock A.M. Recorded

same day and hour. A. CAMERON,

"Co. Clerk, Hunt Co., Texas."

The certified copy of the direct and reverse index was as

follows:

"Direct Index to Judgment Record, Hunt County, Texas.

"Plaintiffs' name: Deere, Mansur Co.

Defendant's name: J.H. Payne.

Page of judgment record: 47.

"Reverse Index to Judgment Record, Hunt County, Texas.

"Defendant's name: J.H. Payne.

Plaintiffs' name: Deere, Mansur Co.

Page of judgment record: 47."

The defendants objected to the introduction of the abstract

because it did not correctly give the names of the plaintiffs in

the judgment, and did not show the amount still due thereon,

Page 381

as required by law; and to the index because it did not give

plaintiffs' names; but the objection was overruled, and the

abstract and index admitted, and defendants Cooke excepted.

Plaintiff then introduced a deed from Cobb and Avery to

plaintiff dated November 25, 1886, and also "for the purpose of

proving a common source of title and for no other purpose," a

certified copy of the deed from Payne and wife to defendant J.H.

Cooke, dated January 2, 1886. It further appeared that the

Mortgage Company claimed under a deed of trust of the same date,

executed by Payne and wife to Simpson, as trustee, to secure a

loan of money, and that Payne derived title through a deed from

Crabtree and wife to him, dated August 16, 1867, and duly

acknowledged and recorded in April, 1868.

Two rules of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of

Texas were then put in, to wit, Rule No. 1, adopted by that court

at Dallas, April 2, 1880, as follows, viz.: "Rule 1. The modes of

proceedings prescribed by the laws of Texas, when they do not

conflict with the laws of the United States or a rule of the

Supreme Court of the United States or of this court, are

adopted."

And also Rule No. 1, adopted by the court at Dallas, July 26,

1881, which is as follows, viz.: "Rule 1. All laws and rules of

procedure and practice prescribed by the legislature of the State

of Texas as they now exist or as they may be changed and amended

from time to time, when the same do not conflict with the law of

the United States or a rule of the Supreme Court of the United

States or of this court, are hereby adopted as the rule of

practice in this court, and all suits by attachments,

sequestration or otherwise brought in this court shall conform to

the laws of the State of Texas in force at the time such suit is

brought, provided the same does not conflict with a law of the

United States or a rule of the Supreme Court of the United States

or of this court."

It was agreed that Y.D. Harrington, assignee, fully

administered the trust created by Payne's deed of assignment,

hereinafter mentioned, prior to July 1, 1881, and made final

report of his proceedings thereunder to the proper court and was

discharged by said court prior to July 1, 1881, and ever since

Page 382

that date had ceased to act as such trustee. It was also agreed

that ever since the date of the assignment Payne and Cooke,

claiming under Payne, had consecutively held peaceable and

adverse possession of the land in controversy in this suit,

cultivating, using or enjoying the same, and paying taxes

thereon, and claiming under a deed or deeds duly registered, the

deed to Payne antedating the deed of assignment, and that to

Cooke, in evidence. It was further agreed that the assignee, Y.D.

Harrington, never made any claim of title to the land by virtue

of the deed of assignment or otherwise.

Plaintiff having closed, defendants Cooke moved that the cause

be dismissed for want of jurisdiction. It was admitted that

jurisdiction could not be maintained on the ground of the

citizenship of the parties, and that, upon a former trial of the

cause, defendants' counsel contended that, by a proper

construction of section 916 of the Revised Statutes and the rules

of the Circuit Court, the laws of Texas as they existed in 1873

governed the lien of the judgment, and that the lien was invalid

thereunder because executions had not been issued on such

judgment each year since its rendition, and that this was

defendants' only contention on that trial in regard to the

invalidity of said lien, while it was, on the other hand,

insisted by plaintiff that the judgment lien was governed by the

statute of Texas of 1879, under section 916 and the rules. The

motion to dismiss was overruled, and the defendants Cooke

excepted.

Thereupon defendants Cooke offered in evidence a general deed

of assignment, under the law of Texas in that behalf, for the

benefit of his creditors, from Payne to Harrington, dated October

16, 1880, which purported to convey to Harrington, for the

benefit of such of Payne's creditors only as would accept its

provisions, all Payne's property, real and personal, not exempt,

but did not mention the land in controversy specifically, either

in its body or in the inventory and exhibits attached. It

provided for the disposition of the assigned property and the

rendition of the surplus to Payne after paying the expenses and

the creditors in full. The admission

Page 383

of this assignment was objected to by plaintiff, the objection

sustained, and defendants excepted.

Defendants Cooke offered in evidence the original deed made by

Payne and wife to Cooke, dated January 2, 1886, which was

objected to on the ground that defendants, having specially

pleaded an outstanding title as a defence, could not prove title

in themselves, which objection was sustained by the court, the

deed excluded, and defendants excepted. Defendants then offered

the original deed from Payne to Cooke, under the plea that they

had placed valuable and permanent improvements on the land, and

had had adverse possession for more than twelve months before the

commencement of the suit, and in that connection offered to prove

that in October, 1885, defendant J.H. Cooke had by parol agreed

with Payne upon terms of purchase, but no consideration was paid

Payne until the date of the deed; and that immediately upon

making the agreement, Payne delivered to Cooke exclusive

possession of the premises, and Cooke entered upon such

possession, holding adversely and in good faith, and commenced

the erection of improvements thereon, which enhanced the value of

the land in controversy. The evidence was excluded and exception

taken.

Defendants Cooke then offered to prove that from January 1,

1882, until the sale by him, Payne was the head of a family

consisting of wife and children, and that the land was claimed

and used by him as his homestead. The court sustained objection

thereto, and defendants excepted.

Upon the conclusion of the evidence, the court instructed the

jury to return a verdict for the plaintiff for the land and for

the value of the rents and profits thereof from November 25,

1886, to the date of the trial, to which instruction defendants

excepted. Thereupon a verdict for plaintiff was returned, with

damages, and judgment entered by the court for the recovery from

the defendants of the title and possession of the premises in

question, together with the fixtures and permanent improvements

thereon and appurtenant thereto, and that plaintiff have a writ

of possession; and it was further adjudged that plaintiff recover

of defendants

Page 384

Cooke the sum found by the jury as damages, together with costs.

The Mortgage Company declining to join in the prosecution of

the writ of error, an order of severance was entered, and this

writ of error brought accordingly.

Mr. M.L. Crawfordfor plaintiffs in error.Mr. John M. Averyfor defendant in error.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

The placita shows that the Circuit Court met at Dallas, in the Northern District of Texas, on May 20, 1889, the United States District Judge presiding, but that when the court assembled on June 8, 1889, pursuant to adjournment, the Circuit Justice, the Circuit Judge, and the District Judge were all present. The bill of exceptions is signed by the District Judge, and as it does not appear that the other judges were present at the trial, which ensued after the meeting of the court, we assume that it was had before the District Judge alone.

Section 953 of the Revised Statutes provides for the authentication of bills of exception by the judge of the court in which the cause was tried, or by the presiding judge thereof, if more than one judge sat on the trial of the cause; and, therefore, if this trial had taken place before the Circuit Justice and one of the other judges, or before the Circuit and District Judges, the bill of exceptions would, of course, have been signed by the Circuit Justice or Circuit Judge, as the case might be. The motion to strike out the bill of exceptions upon the ground that it must be held that the judges who were present at the opening of the court were present on the trial, is therefore overruled.

Whether a suit is one that arises under the Constitution or laws of the United States is determined by the questions involved. If from them it appears that some title, right, privilegePage 385or immunity on which the recovery depends will be defeated by one construction of the Constitution or a law of the United States, or sustained by the opposite construction, then the case is one arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States.Osbornv.Bank of the United States, 9 Wheat. 738;Starinv.New York,115 U.S. 248,257. InCarsonv.Dunham,121 U.S. 421, it was ruled that it was necessary that the construction either of the Constitution or some law or treaty should be directly involved in order to give jurisdiction, although for the purpose of the review of the judgments of state courts under section 709 of the Revised Statutes, it would be enough if the right in question came from a commission held or authority exercised under the United States.

Section 916 of the Revised Statutes is as follows: "The party recovering a judgment in any common law cause in any Circuit or District Court, shall be entitled to similar remedies upon the same, by execution or otherwise, to reach the property of the judgment debtor, as are now provided in like causes by the laws of the State in which such court is held, or by any such laws hereinafter enacted which may be adopted by general rules of such Circuit or District Court; and such courts may, from time to time, by general rules, adopt such state laws as may hereafter be in force in such State in relation to remedies upon judgments, as aforesaid, by execution or otherwise."

This section was taken from the act of Congress of June 1, 1872, entitled "An act to further the administration of justice," (17 Stat. 196, c. 255,) and was reënacted in the Revised Statutes, which took effect as of December 1, 1873. The remedies upon judgments under the section are such remedies as were provided by the laws of the State in force when it was passed or reënacted, or by subsequent laws of the State adopted by the courts of the United States in the manner provided for under that section.Lamasterv.Keeler,123 U.S. 376.

On the former trial of this case the defendant contended that, under a proper construction of section 916 and the rules of the Circuit Court, the laws of Texas in force in 1873 governedPage 386the judgment lien under which plaintiff claimed title, and that by those laws the lien was lost because execution had not been issued each year prior to the issue of that on which the land was sold; while plaintiff contended that the statutes of Texas enacted in 1879 governed the lien, and under them the lien was not lost by failure to issue the execution each year.

It is now insisted by defendants that the latter is the true view, and hence it is said that there is no real and substantial controversy arising under the laws of the United States. Clearly, the right of a plaintiff to sue cannot depend upon the defence which a defendant may choose to set up, and as on the first trial defendants relied on the decision of a Federal question to defeat the action, such a concession of the existence of a Federal ingredient in the cause might fairly be held to bind them when they subsequently abandon it, and seek to oust the jurisdiction upon the ground that there could be no real dispute as to the applicable law.

By section 34 of the Judiciary Act of September 24, 1789, c. 20, (1 Stat. 92,) carried forward into section 721 of the Revised Statutes, it was provided that the laws of the several States except where the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States might otherwise require or provide, should be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law in the courts of the United States in cases where they applied.

Section 2 of the act of September 29, 1789, (1 Stat. 93,) provided that the forms of writs and executions and modes of process in the Circuit and District Courts in suits at common law should be the same in each State, respectively, as in the Supreme Courts of the same; and by the act of May 8, 1792, (1 Stat. 275, c. 36,) these forms and modes of proceeding as then in use in the courts of the United States, under the act of 1789, were permanently continued; but it was declared that they were subject to such alterations and additions as the said courts should, respectively, in their discretion, deem expedient, or to such regulations as the Supreme Court of the United States should from time to time think proper by rule to prescribe to any Circuit or District Court concerning the same. This delegation of power has been repeatedly held to be perfectlyPage 387constitutional, and that the power to alter and add to the process or modes or proceeding in a suit, embraced the whole progress of such suit, and every transaction in it from its commencement to its termination, and until the judgment should be satisfied.Waymanv.Southard, 10 Wheat. 1;Beersv.Haughton, 9 Pet. 329, 359. The process act of May 19, 1828, (4 Stat. 278, c. 68; Rev. Stat. § 913,) made similar provision and declared that it should be in the power of the courts so far to alter final process therein as to conform the same to any change made by the state legislatures for the state courts.

By section 967, taken from the fourth section of the act of July 4, 1840, (5 Stat. 392, 393, c. 43,) the judgments and decrees rendered in a Circuit or District Court within any State cease to be liens on real estate in the same manner and at like periods as the judgments and decrees of the courts of such State cease by law to be liens thereon.

Under this legislation, judgments recovered in the Federal courts were undoubtedly liens in all cases where they were such by the laws of the States.Bakerv.Morton, 12 Wall. 150, 158;Wardv.Chamberlain, 2 Black, 430;Massingillv.Downs, 7 How. 760. But no right in the States to regulate the operation of Federal judgments was thereby recognized, and the lien of such judgments depended upon the acts of Congress and the rules of the Federal courts. There was no law of Congress, however, prior to August 1, 1888, which expressly gave a lien to the judgments of the courts of the United States or regulated the same, but on that day an act was approved, which made such judgments liens on property throughout the State in which the Federal courts sat, in the same manner and to the same extent and under the same conditions only as if rendered by the state courts.25 Stat. 357, c. 729.

As we have seen, section 916 became operative as such December 1, 1873. The statute of Texas in force at that date provided that final judgments rendered by any court of record of the State should be a lien on all the real estate of the judgment debtor situated in the county where the judgmentPage 388was rendered from the date of the judgment, and upon all his real estate situated in any other county from the time when a transcript of the judgment was filed for record in such other county, as provided, and that the lien should cease and become inoperative if execution were not issued upon the judgment within one year from the first date upon which the execution could by law be issued thereon. 2 Paschal's Ann. Dig. Art. 7005.

The Supreme Court of Texas decided that under this law a judgment ceased to be a lien for want of diligence, unless execution issued on it each year after it was rendered.Bassettv.Proetzel,53 Tex. 569;Barronv.Thompson,54 Tex. 235;Anthonyv.Taylor,68 Tex. 403.

In this case the judgment was rendered January 17, 1882, and execution issued thereon March 3, 1882, and no other, so far as appeared, until August 11, 1886, and if the lien of the judgment depended on the law of Texas as existing December 1, 1873, and the decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas were followed, the lien would have been lost by the failure to issue execution on it each year. By the Revised Statutes of Texas, passed in 1879, different provisions were made in relation to judgment liens. By Articles 3153 and 3154, it was provided that each clerk of the county court should keep in his office a "judgment record," in which he should record all abstracts of judgments filed for record and authenticated as required, and deliver to the judgment plaintiffs abstracts of such judgments duly certified. Article 3155 was as follows: "The abstract provided for in the preceding article shall show: 1. The names of the plaintiff and of the defendant in such judgment. 2. The number of the suit in which the judgment was rendered. 3. The date when such judgment was rendered. 4. The amount for which the same was rendered, and the amount still due upon the same. 5. The rate of interest, if any is specified in the judgment."

By Article 3157, the clerk was required to file and immediately record the abstract provided for in the preceding articles, in the judgment record, noting therein the day and hour of the record, and entering it at the same time upon thePage 389index. Article 3158 was as follows: "The index to such judgment record shall be alphabetical, and shall show the name of each plaintiff and of each defendant in the judgment, and the number of the page of the book upon which the abstract is recorded." By Article 3159, any judgment recorded and indexed as provided should, from the date of such record and index, operate as a lien upon the debtor's real estate, which lien by Article 3160 was to continue for ten years from that date, unless the plaintiff failed to have execution issued within twelve months after the rendition of the judgment. Article 3163 made provision for recording and indexing in the same manner abstracts of judgments rendered in the United States courts. 2 Sayles' Tex. Civ. Stats. 93, Tit. 61, c. 1.

To what extent, if at all, these articles were adopted by the rules of the Circuit Court, and whether or not the lien could only be originated by compliance with the requisition as to the record and index of the abstract, was for the Circuit Court to determine in the first instance. Judgments by the common law were not liens upon real estate, but the lien arose from the power to issue a writ ofelegitgiven by the statute of Westminster, 13 Edw. I, c. 18.Morsellv.First Nat. Bank,91 U.S. 357,360;Massingillv.Downs, 7 How. 760, 765;Shrewv.Jones, 2 McLean, 78, 80. It is argued that the writ ofelegitand the lien resulting from the right to extend the land never obtained under the laws of Texas, while on the other hand it is said that, under the laws of Congress, this judgment was a lien throughout the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court from the date it was rendered, without any abstract being recorded and indexed by a state officer.

InMassingillv.Downs, where the state statute made the judgment a lien upon the land of the debtor in the county wherein it was recovered, and required the judgment to be recorded in other counties in order to extend the lien on land therein, it was ruled that a judgment in the Circuit Court was a lien on the debtor's land in the district without such record, or in other words, that the remedy for the enforcement of the judgment was coextensive with the process of the court. InPage 390United Statesv.Scott, 3 Woods, 334, it was held by Mr. Justice Bradley, holding the Circuit Court for the Western District of Texas, (June term, 1878,) that a judgment of that court was a lien on defendant's lands throughout the district without being recorded in the several counties where they lay.

The argument is, however, that as by section 914 the practice, pleadings and forms and modes of proceeding in the Circuit and District Courts are required to conform to those of the state courts, the rule of the Circuit Court of April, 1880, adopting the "modes of proceeding prescribed by the laws of Texas" cannot refer to the modes of proceeding of that section, and must be construed to mean laws prescribing remedies upon judgments subsequent to the enactment of section 916. Hence, that no lien could originate, except in strict accordance with the law of Texas of 1879. The view taken by the Circuit Court rendered a solution of this question immaterial, but the inquiry is significant in its relation to jurisdiction.

It is unnecessary to pursue this branch of the case further. Plaintiff is to be regarded as the purchaser at the sale, and the validity of his purchase turned upon the existence of a lien, which he asserted and the defendants denied. The disposition of this issue depended upon the laws of the United States and the rules of the Circuit Court, and their construction and application were directly involved. We are of opinion that jurisdiction as resting on the subject-matter was properly invoked.

Passing to the merits, we find that the rulings of the Circuit Court in reference to plaintiff's title were not based on any ground independent of the statute of 1879, but assumed its applicability. The object of the provision for recording abstracts of judgments and indexing the same was to apprise subsequent parties, as, for instance, intending purchasers, of the existence and character of the judgments, if a reasonable amount of care and intelligence were exercised. The abstract in this instance gave the judgment debtor's name; the number of the suit in which the judgment was rendered; its date; the amount; the rate of interest; that the whole amount was still due and unpaid; and the name ofPage 391the plaintiffs as "Deere, Mansur Co." In all these particulars it was in accordance with Article 3155, except that it did not give the individual names of the plaintiffs, although in giving the firm name it gave the surname of the plaintiff first in order. The index gave the defendant's name and the number of the page of the book upon which the abstract was recorded, and the plaintiffs' name as Deere, Mansur Co., and this both directly and in the reverse order. The only ground on which this abstract and index could be held insufficient was that the names of the plaintiffs were not given in full in either abstract or index. Was this omission fatal to the lien? The Circuit Court did not think so, and we concur in that view.

InWillisv.Smith,66 Tex. 31,43, the Supreme Court of that State said: "The object of the statute is not to encumber the registry with full information, but to excite inquiry, and indicate the source of full information."

It appears to us that the source of full information was so indicated in this instance that no reasonably prudent or cautious inquirer could go astray.

InPutnamv.Wheeler,65 Tex. 522,525, the petition stated the names of the plaintiffs to be Royal T. Wheeler and Harry W. Rhodes, copartners as lawyers, but without giving the style of the firm, and the citation described the plaintiffs as Wheeler and Rhodes. This was held sufficient, and the Supreme Court said: "Giving the firm name of the plaintiffs was not such defect in the citation as required the reversal of the judgment."

Article 2281 of the Revised Statutes of Texas, prescribing the requisites of an execution, states that it shall, among other things, correctly describe the judgment, stating the court wherein, and the time when, rendered, the names of the parties, the amount actually due thereon, and the rate of interest. InSmithv.Chenault,48 Tex. 455, the title of the judgment was "A.T. Chenault Co.vs. Smith and Young," and the judgment ordered that the plaintiffs recover of the defendants, but the names of neither plaintiffs nor defendants were given, while the execution recited that "whereas, A.T.Page 392Chenault and John O. McGhee . . . recovered a judgment against Elial M. Smith and Hugh F. Young," and the court held that the execution sufficiently described the parties to the judgment.

InHaysv.Yarborough,21 Tex. 487, the judgment described the plaintiffs as "Yarborough and Ferguson," and it was held to be a sufficient description. These decisions are in harmony with the conclusion of the Circuit Court, and have not been overruled or disaffirmed so far as we are informed.

Since this writ of error was pending the Supreme Court of Texas has, indeed, held inGullett Gin Co. v.OliverGriggs,78 Tex. 182, that where the index failed to give the individual names of the defendants in a judgment, but only the firm name, it was fatally defective, and to the same effect isPiercev.Wimberly Philips,78 Tex. 187, although in the latter case the full names of the plaintiffs were not given in the index. The court referred toNyev.Moody,70 Tex. 434, but in that case the abstract of the judgment had not been indexed at all. The distinction in importance between giving the individual names of the defendants and those of the plaintiffs is obvious.

Both parties claimed title from J.H. Payne as a common source, and defendants offered the assignment to Harrington to prove outstanding title without showing or attempting to show any connection of their title with his. The action was the statutory action of trespass to try title, (2 Sayles' Civ. Stats. Tex. Tit. 96, c. 1; Arts. 4784 to 4812,) and was not made otherwise or the issues changed by the averments of the amended petition introduced for the purpose of maintaining the jurisdiction. Under Article 4802 it was not necessary for the plaintiff to deraign title beyond a common source, and proof of a common source might be made by plaintiff by certified copies of the deeds showing defendants' chain or claim of title emanating from such common source. Defendants could not question the validity of their grantor's title at the time of the conveyance to them in a contest with plaintiff, claiming under the same grantor, unless, indeed, they claimed under a paramount title, which they had acquired or connected themselves with. This was so ruled inCoxv.Hart,Page 393145 U.S. 376, where the decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas bearing on the point are fully cited. The assignment was properly excluded.

Defendants had pleaded (1) not guilty; (2) for allowance of value of improvements; (3) title outstanding in Harrington. Defendants offered the original deed from Payne to Cooke, dated January 2, 1886, which was objected to on the ground "that said defendants having specially pleaded an outstanding title, the defendants could not prove title in themselves." This objection was sustained and the deed excluded. Defendants also offered to prove that from January 1, 1882, until the sale to Cooke, Payne was the head of a family, and that the land was claimed and used by him as his homestead, and was therefore not subject to the judgment lien, execution, levy and sale through which plaintiff claimed. The same objection was made to this evidence and sustained.

The rule seems to be well settled that in this statutory action, if the defendant pleads his title specially, he waives the general issue, and is confined to the defence thus specially pleaded. InJoynerv.Johnson,19 S.W. 522, the Supreme Court of Texas said: "The principle which underlies this doctrine is that when a party, either plaintiff or defendant, in an action of trespass to try title, pleads his title specially, he gives his adversary notice that he rests his case upon the title so pleaded, and it is to be presumed that he relies upon no other."Shieldsv.Hunt,45 Tex. 424;Custardv.Musgrove,47 Tex. 217;St. Louis Texas Railwayv.Whitaker,68 Tex. 630. Apart from this, as we have held that the lien of the judgment was valid, the exclusion of the deed was immaterial. As to the suggestion in relation to the homestead, this was an affirmative defence, and could not be made under the pleadings as they stood. The plaintiff was not required to offer in chief any proof as to the homestead, in respect of which, indeed, he had been given no notice that it would be relied on, and the evidence offered by defendants was not in rebuttal of plaintiff's proof, but to establish an independent ground for invalidating the lien. No such defence was specially pleaded, while the general issue hadPage 394been waived. The reference to the homestead in the plea for the allowance of improvements had relation to that subject only, and could not be resorted to for any other purpose.

The provisions of the statutes of Texas on the subject of the allowance for improvements in actions of trespass to try title are contained in Articles 4813 to 4830, inclusive, (2 Sayles' Tex. Civ. Stat. 639,) and are set forth at length and considered inCoxv.Hart,145 U.S. 376,390. It must be alleged in the pleadings that the defendant and those under whom he claims have had adverse possession, in good faith, of the premises in controversy, for at least one year next before the commencement of the suit, and that he and those under whom he claims have made permanent and valuable improvements on the land sued for during the time they have had such possession. It is clear that the defendants Cooke were not in possession for twelve months before the commencement of the suit under any written evidence of title, for their deed was dated January 2, 1886, and the suit was commenced December 24 of that year; but they proposed to prove that they were in possession prior to the execution of the deed, under a verbal contract to convey, although they admitted that the consideration was not paid until the date of the deed. The evidence offered was to the effect that Cooke, after making his bargain with Payne, "immediately" entered upon possession and "commenced" the erection of improvements, and that he erected improvements of large value upon the land, in good faith, after the commencement of his possession and before he knew of any judgment lien. There is a lack of definiteness in this offer, which under the circumstances probably did not commend it to the Circuit Court, for it did not appear therefrom that any of the improvements were made before the date of the deed, or exactly when, except that it was before Cooke obtained actual knowledge of the judgment lien.

InElamv.Parkhill,60 Tex. 581, it is said: "To entitle a party to a recovery for the value of improvements it is essential that he be a possessor in good faith. . . . While title is not essential upon which to predicate a claim for the value of improvements, it is necessary that the party should enter andPage 395claim under color of title. That is, the party must claim under an apparent title, which he in good faith believes to be the real title to the land." So inMorrillv.Bartlett,58 Tex. 644, it was held that "a claim under the statute by a defendant sued for land, that he had made permanent and valuable improvements thereon, cannot be regarded when there is no evidence that he ever paid anything for the land, or received a deed therefor, and when he was informed of the controversy which jeopardized his possession before improving the land."

Many decisions of the Supreme Court of Texas to the same effect are cited by counsel.Housev.Stone,64 Tex. 677,685;Hatchettv.Conner,30 Tex. 104;Powellv.Davis,19 Tex. 380;Armstrongv.Oppenheimer,19 S.W. 520.

We are satisfied that defendants were chargeable with notice of the judgment lien, and did not as against the plaintiff occupy the position of adverse possessors, under a claim of title made in good faith prior to the deed of January 2, 1886. Moreover, no evidence was offered to prove the value of the land without regard to the improvements, an essential condition to the application of the statute.Coxv.Hart, supra. When and how far the remedy for valuable improvements may be sought in the courts of the United States, otherwise than in equity, we do not consider.

Judgment was correctly entered against all the defendants for the recovery of the title and possession of the land, and as the Mortgage Company was only interested through the deed of trust to Simpson, it was properly omitted in the recovery of damages.

It is conceded that the defendant M.E. Cooke was the wife of her codefendant, J.H. Cooke. The claim under the deed from Payne must be presumed to have been in community, it being the settled law of Texas that property purchased after the marriage isprimafaciesuch, whether the conveyance be in the name of the husband or of the wife, or in their joint names.Veramendiv.Hutchins,48 Tex. 531,550;Cookev.Bremond,27 Tex. 457;S.C. 86 Am. Dec. 626;Mitchellv.Marr,26 Tex. 329. But it does not follow that a general personal judgment, in damages for use and occupation, underPage 396the statute, and for costs, could be rendered against Mrs. Cooke. The record disclosed nothing to justify the subjection of her separate estate to such a liability, and there was error in the judgment in this particular.Linnv.Willis, 1 Posey Cas. 158;Garnerv.Butcher, 1 Posey Cas. 430;Haynesv.Stovall,23 Tex. 625;Menardv.Sydnor,29 Tex. 257. This does not involve the disturbance of the verdict or a reversal of the judgment in any other respect.The judgment will therefore be affirmed except as to therecovery of damages and costs against M.E. Cooke, and that partthereof will be reversed as to her, with costs, and the causeremanded, with a direction to the Circuit Court to order thejudgment to be modified so as to conform to the conclusion aboveannounced. Ordered accordingly.