Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Forney v. Apfel

Forney v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 266 (1998)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1998-06-22
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • recognizing that aggrieved party usually can appeal decision that grants in part and denies in part remedy party requested
  • holding that the Ninth Circuit erred in concluding that a party could not appeal the granted relief because she was the prevailing party
  • observing that appealability of sentence four remand is exception to "generally accepted rule that remand orders are interlocutory"
  • holding that remand under sentence four is final judgment that may be appealed
  • entertaining an appeal on a collateral issue by a party who won below but did not receive the remedy requested
  • agreeing with court of appeals’ determination that “it would be ‘error for the district court to attempt to retain jurisdiction’ after remanding the case” for further proceedings pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)
  • agreeing with court of appeals’ determination that "it would be ’error for the district court to attempt to retain jurisdiction’ after remanding the case" for further proceedings pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. sec. 405(g)
  • allowing socialsecurity applicants to appeal a district court’s remand order

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Forney v. Apfel. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
115 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Workers' Compensation & SSDI — Appellate Jurisdiction A district court order remanding a Social Security disability benefits claim to the agency for further proceedings under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) is a "final judgment" and is therefore appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 524 U.S. 266 (citing Sullivan v. Finkelstein, 496 U.S. 617 (1990); 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); 28 U.S.C. § 1291)
  2. Workers' Compensation & SSDI — Right to Appeal A Social Security disability claimant seeking court reversal of an agency decision denying benefits may appeal a district court order remanding the case to the agency for further proceedings pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 524 U.S. 266
  3. Civil Procedure — Finality of Judgments The finality of a district court remand order for purposes of appeal does not depend on whether the Government or the claimant seeks to appeal, nor on the order's importance, nor on the availability of an avenue for appeal from a later agency determination that may emerge after remand. 524 U.S. 266 (citing Sullivan v. Finkelstein, 496 U.S. 617, 628 (1990))
  4. Civil Procedure — Joinder A party who receives all the relief sought generally is not aggrieved by the judgment and cannot appeal from it, but a party is aggrieved and ordinarily may appeal a decision granting in part and denying in part the remedy requested. 524 U.S. 266 (citing Deposit Guaranty Nat. Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333 (1980); United States v. Jose, 519 U.S. 54, 56 (1996))
  5. Workers' Compensation & SSDI — Right to Appeal A disability claimant who sought reversal of the agency's denial of benefits and, in the alternative, a remand, and whose district court order granted only the remand, has received some but not all of the relief requested and consequently may appeal the district court's order insofar as it denies the relief sought. 524 U.S. 266
  6. Civil Procedure — Classes of Appealable Cases Statutes governing appealability define classes of cases in which appeals will or will not lie, and courts lack power to redefine or subdivide those classes based on whether further agency proceedings in a particular case might obviate the need for an immediate appeal; any remedy for burdensome consequences of a broad appeal right must be legislative. 524 U.S. 266 (citing Sullivan v. Finkelstein, 496 U.S. 617, 628 (1990))
FORNEY v. APFEL,524 U.S. 266(1998)
118 S.Ct. 1984
FORNEYv. APFEL, COMISSIONER OF
SOCIAL SECURITY
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
No. 97-5737.
Argued April 22, 1998
Decided June 15, 1998
Petitioner Forney sought judicial review of a Social Security Administration final determination denying her disability benefits. When the District Court found that determination inadequately supported by the evidence and remanded the case to the agency for further proceedings pursuant to sentence four of42 U.S.C. § 405(g), Forney appealed, contending that the agency's denial of benefits should be reversed outright. The Ninth Circuit, however, decided that she did not have the legal right to appeal. Before this Court, both Forney and the Solicitor General agree that she had the right to appeal, so anamicushas been appointed to defend the Ninth Circuit's decision.Held:A Social Security disability claimant seeking court reversal of an agency decision denying benefits may appeal a district court order remanding the case to the agency for further proceedings pursuant to sentence four of42 U.S.C. § 405(g). This Court has previously held that the language of the Social Security Act's "judicial review" provision — "district courts" (reviewing, for example, agency denials of disability claims) "have the power to enter . . . ajudgmentaffirming, modifying or reversing [an agency] decision . . . with or without remanding the cause for a rehearing," and such "judgment . . .shall be finalexcept that itshall be subject to reviewin the same manner as" other civil action judgments,42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (emphases added) — means that a district court order remanding a Social Security disability claim to the agency for further proceedings is a "final judgment" appealable under28 U.S.C. § 1291.Sullivanv.Finkelstein,496 U.S. 617.Finkelsteindiffers from this case in that it involved an appeal by the Government. However,Finkelstein's logic makes that feature irrelevant here. That case reasoned, primarily from § 405(g)'s language, that a district court judgment remanding a Social Security disability case fell within the "class of orders" that are appealable under § 1291. Neither the statute norFinkelsteinsuggests that such an order could be final for purposes of an appeal by the Government, but not a claimant, or permits an inference that finality turns on the order's importance, or the availability of an avenue for appeal from the agency determination that might emerge after remand. The Ninth Circuit erred in concluding that ForneyPage 267could not appeal because she was the prevailing party. A party is "aggrieved" and ordinarily can appeal a decision granting in part and denying in part the remedy requested,United Statesv.Jose,519 U.S. 54,56; Forney, who sought reversal of the administrative decision denying benefits and, in the alternative, a remand, received some, but not all, of the relief requested. The Solicitor General disputes the Ninth Circuit's assertion that a rule permitting appeals in these circumstances would impose additional, and unnecessary, burdens upon federal appeals courts. If the Solicitor General proves wrong in his prediction, the remedy must be legislative, for the statutes at issue do not give the courts the power to redefine or subdivide the classes of cases where appeals will (or will not) lie. Pp. 269-273.108 F.3d 228, reversed and remanded.

BREYER, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Ralph Wilbornargued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs wereTim WilbornandEric Schnaufer.Lisa Schiavo Blattargued the cause for respondent in support of petitioner. With her on the briefs wereSolicitor GeneralWaxman,Assistant Attorney General Hunger,DeputySolicitor General Kneedler, andWilliam Kanter.Allen R. Snyder, by invitation of the Court,522 U.S. 1088(1998) argued the cause asamicus curiaein support of the judgment below.
JUSTICE BREYER delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question in this case is whether a Social Security disability claimant seeking court reversal of an agency decision denying benefits may appeal a district court order remanding the case to the agency for further proceedings. We conclude that the law authorizes such an appeal.
I
Sandra K. Forney, the petitioner, applied for Social Security disability benefits under § 223 of the Social Security Act, as added,70 Stat. 815, and as amended,42 U.S.C. § 423. A Social Security Administration Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) determined (1) that Forney had not worked since thePage 268onset of her medical problem, and (2) that she was more than minimally disabled, but (3) that she was not disabled enough to qualify for benefits automatically. Moreover, her disability, (4) while sufficiently serious to prevent her return to her former work (cook, kitchen manager, or baker), (5) was not serious enough to prevent her from holding other jobs available in the economy (such as order clerk or telephone answering service operator). App. 12-28. The ALJ consequently denied her disability claim,id., at 28, and the Administration's Appeals Council denied Forney's request for review, App. to Pet. for Cert. 39-40; see generallyBowenv.Yuckert,482 U.S. 137,140-142(1987) (setting forth five-part "disability" test);20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(1997) (same).

Forney then sought judicial review in Federal District Court. The court found the agency's final determination — that Forney could hold other jobs — inadequately supported because those jobs "require frequent or constant reaching," but the record showed that Forney's "ability to reach is impaired."Forneyv.Secretary, Civ. No. 94-6357 (D. Ore., May 1, 1995); App. 127-128. The District Court then entered a judgment, which remanded the case to the agency for further proceedings (pursuant to sentence four of42 U.S.C. § 405(g)).Id., at 128.

Forney sought to appeal the remand order. She contended that, because the agency had already had sufficient opportunity to prove the existence of other relevant employment (and for other reasons), its denial of benefits should be reversed outright. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit did not hear her claim, however, for it decided that Forney did not have the legal right to appeal.Forneyv.Chater,108 F.3d 228,234(1997).

Forney sought certiorari. Both she and the Solicitor General agreed that Forney had the legal right to appeal from the District Court's judgment. The Solicitor General suggested that we reverse the Ninth Circuit and remand the case so that it could hear Forney's appeal. We granted certiorariPage 269to consider the merits of this position, and we appointed anamicusto defend the Ninth Circuit's decision. We now agree with Forney and the Solicitor General that the Court of Appeals should have heard Forney's appeal.
II
Section1291of Title 28 of the United States Code grants the "courts of appeals . . . jurisdiction of appeals from allfinal decisionsof the district courts." (Emphasis added.) Forney's appeal falls within the scope of this jurisdictional grant. That is because the District Court entered its judgment under the authority of the special "judicial review" provision of the Social Security Act, which says, in its fourth sentence, that "district court[s]" (reviewing, for example, agency denials of Social Security disability claims)
"shall have power to enter . . . ajudgmentaffirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the [agency] with or without remanding the cause for a rehearing,"42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (emphasis added),


and which adds, in its eighth sentence, that the
"judgmentof the courtshall be finalexcept that itshall be subject to reviewin the same manner as a judgment in other civil actions,"ibid. (emphases added).


This Court has previously held that this statutory language means what it says, namely, that a district court order remanding a Social Security disability benefit claim to the agency for further proceedings is a "final judgment" for purposes of § 1291 and it is, therefore, appealable.Sullivanv.Finkelstein,496 U.S. 617(1990); see alsoShalalav.Schaefer,509 U.S. 292,294(1993) (statute that requires attorney's fees application to be filed within "thirty days of final judgment" requires filing within 30 days of entry of § 405(g) "sentence four" district court remand order, not within 30 days of final agency decision after remand).Page 270Finkelsteinis not identical to the case before us. It involved an appeal by the Government; this case involves an appeal by a disability benefits claimant. Moreover, the need for immediate appeal inFinkelsteinwas arguably greater than that here. The District Court there had invalidated a set of Health and Human Services regulations, and the Government might have found it difficult to obtain appellate review of this matter of general importance. Further, the Court, inFinkelstein, said specifically that it would "express no opinion about appealability" where a party seeks to "appeal on the ground that" the district court should have granted broader relief.496 U.S., at 623, n. 3.Finkelstein's logic, however, makes these features of that case irrelevant here.Finkelsteinfocused upon a "class of orders" that Congress had made "appealable under § 1291."Id., at 628. It reasoned, primarily from the language of § 405(g), that a district court judgment remanding a Social Security disability benefit case fell within that class. Nothing in the language, either of the statute or the Court's opinion, suggests that such an order could be "final" for purposes of appeal only when the Government seeks to appeal but not when the claimant seeks to do so. Nor does the opinion's reasoning permit an inference that "finality" turns on the order's importance or the availability (or lack of availability) of an avenue for appeal from the different, later, agency determination that might emerge after remand.

The Ninth Circuit itself recognized that the District Court's judgment was "final" for purposes of appeal, for it said that any effort "to conclude" that a judgment remanding the case is "not final for the claimant" was "inconsistent" withFinkelstein.108 F.3d, at 232. The court added that it would be "error for the district court to attempt to retain jurisdiction" after remanding the case; and it wrote that the remand judgment, which ended the "civil action," must be "`final' in a formalistic sense . . . for all parties to it."Ibid.Page 271

The Court of Appeals nonetheless reached a "no appeal" conclusion — but on a different ground. It pointed out that a "party normally may not appeal [a] decision in its favor."Ibid. (citingElectrical Fittings Corp. v.Thomas Betts Co.,307 U.S. 241,242(1939)). And it said that Forney had obtained a decision in her favor here. Because Forney "may, on remand, secure all of the relief she seeks," the court wrote, she is a "prevailing" party and therefore cannot appeal.108 F.3d, at 232-233.

We do not agree. We concede that this Court has held that a "party who receives all that he has sought generally is not aggrieved by the judgment affording the relief and cannot appeal from it."Deposit Guaranty Nat. Bankv.Roper,445 U.S. 326,333(1980). But this Court also has clearly stated that a party is "aggrieved" and ordinarily can appeal a decision "granting in part and denying in part the remedy requested."United Statesv.Jose,519 U.S. 54,56(1996)per curiam. And this latter statement determines the outcome of this case.

Forney's complaint sought as relief:
"1. That this court reverse and set aside the decision . . . denying [the] claim for disability benefits;
"2. In the alternative, that this court remand the case back to the Secretary for proper evaluation of the evidence or a hearingde novo." App. 37.


The context makes clear that, from Forney's perspective, the second "alternative," which means further delay and risk, is only half a loaf. Thus, the District Court's order gives petitioner some, but not all, of the relief she requested; and she consequently can appeal the District Court's order insofar as it denies her the relief she has sought. Indeed, to hold to the contrary would deny a disability claimant the right to seek reversal (instead of remand) through a cross-appeal in cases where the Government itself appeals aPage 272remand order, as the Government has every right to do. SeeFinkelstein, supra, at 619.

The Solicitor General points to many cases that find a right to appeal in roughly comparable circumstances. See Brief for Respondent 21, n. 12 (citingGargoyles, Inc. v.UnitedStates,113 F.3d 1572(CA Fed. 1997) (permitting appeal where prevailing party recovered reasonable royalty but was denied lost profits);Castlev.Rubin,78 F.3d 654(CADC 1996)(per curiam)(permitting appeal where prevailing party awarded partial backpay but denied reinstatement and front pay);La Plantev.AmericanHonda Motor Co.,27 F.3d 731(CA1 1994) (permitting appeal where prevailing party awarded compensatory but not punitive damages);Grazianov.Harrison,950 F.2d 107(CA3 1991) (permitting appeal where prevailing party awarded damages but denied attorney's fees);Ragen Corp. v.Kearney Trecker Corp.,912 F.2d 619(CA3 1990) (permitting appeal where prevailing party denied consequential damages);Carriganv.Exxon Co., U.S.A.,877 F.2d 1237(CA5 1989) (permitting appeal where prevailing party awarded damages but not injunctive relief)).

The contrary authority thatamicus, through diligent efforts, has found arose in less closely analogous circumstances and consequently does not persuade us. Brief forAmicusCuriaein Support of the Judgment Below 17, and n. 13; see,e.g.,Parrv.United States,351 U.S. 513,518(1956) (order granting Government's motion to dismiss indictment without prejudice as not appealable by defendant in partbecause the dismissal would not be "final"(emphasis added)); see alsoCH2M Hill Central, Inc. v.Herman,131 F.3d 1244,1246-1247(CA7 1997) (claimant cannot appealagencyappeals panel remand of case for further agency hearing, for appeals order is not type of final agency decision that is reviewable under relevant judicial review statute);Director, Office of Workers' CompensationProgramsv.Bath Iron Works Corp.,853 F.2d 11,16(CA1 1988) (same);Stripe-A-Zonev.Page 273Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm'rs,643 F.2d 230,233(CA5 1981) (same).

Finally, we recognize that the Ninth Circuit expressed concern that a rule of law permitting appeals in these circumstances would impose additional, and unnecessary, burdens upon federal appeals courts. The Solicitor General, while noting that the federal courts reviewed nearly 10,000 Social Security Administration decisions in 1996, says that the "[p]ractical [c]onsequences" of permitting appeals "[a]re limited." Brief for Respondent 26; Reply Brief for Respondent 17, n. 13. Except for unusual cases, he believes, a claimant obtaining a remand will prefer to return to the agency rather than to appeal immediately seeking outright agency reversal — because appeal means further delay, because the chance of obtaining reversal should be small, and because the appeal (if it provokes a Government cross-appeal) risks losing all. Brief for Respondent States 26-29.

Regardless, as we noted inFinkelstein, congressional statutes governing appealability normally proceed by defining "classes" of cases where appeals will (or will not) lie.496 U.S., at 628. The statutes at issue here do not give courts the power to redefine, or to subdivide, those classes, according to whether or not they believe, in a particular case, further agency proceedings might obviate the need for an immediate appeal. Thus, if the Solicitor General proves wrong in his prediction, the remedy must be legislative in nature.

For these reasons, the judgment of the Ninth Circuit is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.It is so ordered.Page 274